Editing Pedro II of Brazil (section)

=== Domestic life ===
[[File:François-René Moreaux - O imperador D. Pedro II, sua esposa Teresa Cristina e suas filhas, princesas Isabel e Leopoldina, 1857.JPG|upright=1|thumb|Pedro II and [[Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies|Teresa Cristina]] with their surviving children Princesses [[Princess Leopoldina of Brazil|Leopoldina]] and [[Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil|Isabel]], 1857]]
The marriage between Pedro&nbsp;II and Teresa Cristina started off badly. With maturity, patience and their first child, [[Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil|Afonso]], their relationship improved.{{sfn|Barman|1999|p=126}}{{sfn|Carvalho|2007|p=73}} Later Teresa Cristina gave birth to more children: [[Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil|Isabel]], in 1846; [[Princess Leopoldina of Brazil|Leopoldina]], in 1847; and lastly, [[Pedro, Prince Imperial of Brazil|Pedro Afonso]], in 1848.<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Carvalho|2007|p=52}},
* {{harvnb|Barman|1999|p=127}},
* {{harvnb|Vainfas|2002|p=98}}.</ref> Both boys died when very young, which devastated the Emperor and completely changed his view of the Empire's future.<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Carvalho|2007|p=52}},
* {{harvnb|Vainfas|2002|p=200}},
* {{harvnb|Barman|1999|p=129}}.</ref> Despite his affection for his daughters, he did not believe that Princess Isabel, although his heir, would have any chance of prospering on the throne. He felt his successor needed to be male for the monarchy to be viable.{{sfn|Barman|1999|pp=129–130}} He increasingly saw the imperial system as being tied so inextricably to himself, that it would not survive him.{{sfn|Barman|1999|p=130}} Isabel and her sister received a remarkable education, although they were given no preparation for governing the nation. Pedro&nbsp;II excluded Isabel from participation in government business and decisions.{{sfn|Barman|1999|pp=151–152}}

Sometime around 1850, Pedro&nbsp;II began having discreet affairs with other women.{{sfn|Barman|1999|p=128}} The most famous and enduring of these relationships involved [[Luísa de Barros, Countess of Barral|Luísa Margarida Portugal de Barros, Countess of Barral]], with whom he formed a romantic and intimate, though not adulterous, friendship after she was appointed governess to the emperor's daughters in November 1856.<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Vainfas|2002|p=200}},
* {{harvnb|Barman|1999|pp=147–148}},
* {{harvnb|Carvalho|2007|p=65}}.</ref> Throughout his life, the Emperor held onto a hope of finding a soulmate, something he felt cheated of due to the necessity of a [[marriage of state]] to a woman for whom he never felt passion.{{sfn|Barman|1999|pp=144, 148}} This is but one instance illustrating his dual identity: one who assiduously carried out his duty as emperor and another who considered the imperial office an unrewarding burden and who was happier in the worlds of literature and science.{{sfn|Carvalho|2007|p=80}}

Pedro&nbsp;II was hard-working and his routine was demanding. He usually woke up at 7:00 and did not sleep before 2:00 in the morning. His entire day was devoted to the affairs of state and the meager free time available was spent reading and studying.{{sfn|Barman|1999|p=134}} The Emperor went about his daily routine dressed in a simple black tail coat, trousers, and cravat. For special occasions he would wear court dress, and he only appeared in full regalia with [[Imperial Regalia of Brazil|crown, mantle, and scepter]] twice each year at the opening and closing of the General Assembly.{{sfn|Barman|1999|pp=133–134}}{{sfn|Lira 1977, Vol 2|pp=54–55}} Pedro&nbsp;II held politicians and government officials to the strict standards which he exemplified.{{sfn|Skidmore|1999|p=48}} The Emperor adopted a strict policy for the selection of civil servants based on morality and merit.{{sfn|Barman|1999|p=163}}{{sfn|Carvalho|2007|p=83}} To set the standard, he lived simply, once having said: "I also understand that useless expenditure is the same as stealing from the Nation".<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Carvalho|2007|pp=79, 93}},
* {{harvnb|Lira 1977, Vol 2|p=47}},
* {{harvnb|Olivieri|1999|p=38}}.</ref> [[Ballroom dance|Balls]] and assemblies of the Court ceased after 1852.{{sfn|Carvalho|2007|p=80}}{{sfn|Lira 1977, Vol 2|p=53}} He also refused to request or allow his [[civil list]] amount of R$800,000 per year (US$405,000 or £90,000 in 1840) to be raised from the declaration of his majority until his dethronement almost fifty years later.<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Barman|1999|p=439}},
* {{harvnb|Carvalho|2007|p=97}},
* {{harvnb|Lira 1977, Vol 2|p=51}}.
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