Editing Pashto (section)

==Vocabulary==
{{See also|Pashto_dialects#Lexemes}}
In Pashto, most of the native elements of the lexicon are related to other [[Eastern Iranian languages]].<ref name="Iranica-Pashto" /> As noted by Josef Elfenbein, "Loanwords have been traced in Pashto as far back as the third century B.C., and include words from Greek and probably Old Persian".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kaye|first=Alan S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T6jmziooEk0C|title=Phonologies of Asia and Africa: (including the Caucasus)|date=1997-06-30|publisher=Eisenbrauns|isbn=978-1-57506-019-4|location=|pages=736|language=en}}</ref> For instance, [[Georg Morgenstierne]] notes the Pashto word {{lang|ps|مېچن}} {{Transliteration|ps|mečə́n}} i.e. ''a hand-mill'' as being derived from the Ancient Greek word {{lang|grc-x-koine|μηχανή}} ({{Transliteration|grc|mēkhanḗ}}, i.e. a device).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Morgenstierne|first=Georg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YXEMAQAAMAAJ|title=A New Etymological Vocabulary of Pashto|date=2003|publisher=Reichert|isbn=978-3-89500-364-6|location=|pages=48|language=en}}</ref> Post-7th century borrowings came primarily from [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Hindi-Urdu]], with Arabic words being borrowed through Persian,<ref>John R. Perry, "Lexical Areas and Semantic Fields of Arabic" in Éva Ágnes Csató, Eva Agnes Csato, Bo Isaksson, Carina Jahani, ''Linguistic convergence and areal diffusion: case studies from Iranian, Semitic and Turkic'', Routledge, 2005. p. 97: "It is generally understood that the bulk of the Arabic vocabulary in the central, contiguous Iranian, Turkic and Indic languages was originally borrowed into literary Persian between the ninth and thirteenth centuries"</ref> but sometimes directly.<ref>{{Cite journal|jstor=4030748|title=Areal Lexical Contacts of the Afghan (Pashto) Language (Based on the Texts of the XVI-XVIII Centuries)|author=Vladimir Kushev|volume=1|journal=Iran and the Caucasus|pages=159–166|year=1997 |doi=10.1163/157338497x00085}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8qUJAAAAIAAJ&q=pashto+vocabulary+hindustani&pg=PA75|quote=At the same time Pashto has borrowed largely from Persian and Hindustani, and through those languages from Arabic.|title=Census of India, 1931, Volume 17, Part 2|pages=292|journal=[[Times of India]]|year=1937|access-date=7 June 2009|last1=Census Commissioner|first1=India}}</ref> Modern speech borrows words from English, [[French language|French]], and [[German language|German]].<ref name="Penzl2">{{Cite journal|doi=10.2307/594900 |journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]]|author=Herbert Penzl|date=January–March 1961|title=Western Loanwords in Modern Pashto|volume=81|issue=1|pages=43–52|jstor=594900}}</ref>

However, a remarkably large number of words are unique to Pashto.<ref name="BensonKosonen20132">{{cite book|author1=Carol Benson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tdREAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA64|title=Language Issues in Comparative Education: Inclusive Teaching and Learning in Non-Dominant Languages and Cultures|author2=Kimmo Kosonen|date=13 June 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-6209-218-1|pages=64}}</ref><ref name="Ehsan M Entezar 2008 89">{{cite book|author=Ehsan M Entezar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fdTJgCSPsGwC&q=pashto+purification&pg=PA89|title=Afghanistan 101: Understanding Afghan Culture|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4257-9302-9|page=89}}</ref>

Here is an exemplary list of Pure Pashto and borrowings:<ref name="A dictionary of the Puk'hto, Pus'hto, or language of the Afghans">{{Cite book|title=A dictionary of the Puk'hto, Pus'hto, or language of the Afghans|author-link=Henry George Raverty|last=Raverty|first=Henry George Rahman|year=1867|edition=2|publisher=Williams and Norgate|location=London |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/raverty/}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://qamosona.com/G/index.php|title=Qamosona.com|website=qamosona.com}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Pashto !! Persian Loan !! Arabic Loan !! Meaning
|-
| {{nq|{{lang|ps|چوپړ}}}}<br />'''{{Transliteration|ps|čopáṛ}}'''|| {{lang|fa|خدمت}}<br /> {{Transliteration|fa|khidmat}}||{{lang|ar|خدمة}}<br />{{Transliteration|ar|khidmah}} || service
|-
| {{nq|{{lang|ps|هڅه}}}}<br />'''{{Transliteration|ps|hátsa}}'''|| {{lang|fa|کوشش}}<br /> {{Transliteration|fa|kušeš}} || || effort/try
|-
| {{nq|{{lang|ps|ملګری}}}}, {{nq|{{lang|ps|ملګرې}}}}<br />'''{{Transliteration|ps|malgə́ray, malgə́re}}'''|| {{lang|fa|دوست}}<br />{{Transliteration|fa|dost}} || || friend
|-
|{{nq|{{lang|ps|نړۍ}}}}<br/>'''''naṛә́i'''''
|{{lang|fa|جهان}}<br/>{{Transliteration|fa|jahān}}
|{{lang|ar|دنيا}}<br/>{{Transliteration|ar|dunyā}}
|world
|-
|{{nq|{{lang|ps|تود/توده}}}}<br/>'''{{Transliteration|ps|tod/táwda}}'''
|{{lang|fa|گرم}}<br/>{{Transliteration|fa|garm}}
|
|hot
|-
|{{nq|{{lang|ps|اړتيا}}}}<br/>'''{{Transliteration|ps|aṛtyā́}}'''
|
|{{lang|ar|ضرورة}}<br/>{{Transliteration|ar|ḍarurah}}
|need
|-
|{{nq|{{lang|ps|هيله}}}}<br/>'''{{Transliteration|ps|híla}}'''
|{{lang|fa|اميد}}<br/>{{Transliteration|fa|umid}}
|
|hope
|-
|{{nq|{{lang|ps|د ... په اړه}}}}<br/>'''{{Transliteration|ps|də...pə aṛá}}'''
|{{lang|fa|باره}}<br/>{{Transliteration|ar|bāra}}
|
|about
|-
|{{nq|{{lang|ps|بوللـه}}}}<br/>'''''bolә́la'''''
|
|{{lang|ar|قصيدة}}<br/>{{Transliteration|ar|qasidah}}
|an ode
|}
Due to the incursion of [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic|Persianized-Arabic]] in modern speech, [[linguistic purism]] of Pashto is advocated to prevent its  own vocabulary from dying out.<ref name="Ehsan M Entezar 2008 89"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}}<ref name="BensonKosonen2013">{{cite book|author1=Carol Benson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tdREAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA64|title=Language Issues in Comparative Education: Inclusive Teaching and Learning in Non-Dominant Languages and Cultures|author2=Kimmo Kosonen|date=13 June 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-6209-218-1|pages=64–}}</ref><ref>[http://www.hewad.com/mohammadgul/ Muhammad Gul Khan Momand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128042752/http://www.hewad.com/mohammadgul/ |date=28 January 2021 }}, Hewād Afghanistan</ref>

=== Classical vocabulary ===
There is a lot of old vocabulary that has been replaced by borrowings e.g. {{lang|ps|پلاز|nocat=y}} {{lang|ps-Latn|plâz|nocat=y}}<ref>{{Cite web | title=پلاز - Pashto English Dictionary 2015 [Ahmad Wali Achakzai] | url=https://qamosona.com/G3/index.php/term/,6f57b19b61545da79b9ea5acae615c.xhtml | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625102459/https://qamosona.com/G3/index.php/term/,6f57b19b61545da79b9ea5acae615c.xhtml | access-date=2025-03-21 | archive-date=2021-06-25}}</ref> 'throne' with {{lang|fa|تخت}} {{lang|fa-Latn|takht}}, from Persian.<ref>Pata Khanaza by M. Hotak (1762–1763), translated by K. Habibi  page 21,  [http://alamahabibi.net/English_Articles/E_Pata_Khazana__Pashto-Eng.pdf Alama Habibi Portal.]</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Habibi |first=Khushal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QsP9T48RnUEC&q=pata+khazana&pg=PA188 |title=The Hidden Treasure: A Biography of Pas̲htoon Poets |date=1997 |publisher=University Press of America |isbn=978-0-7618-0265-5 |pages=225 |language=en }}</ref> Or the word {{lang|ps|يګانګي|nocat=y}} {{lang|ps-Latn|yagānagí|nocat=y}}<ref>{{Cite web | title=يګانګي - Pashto English Dictionary 2015 [Ahmad Wali Achakzai] | url=https://qamosona.com/G3/index.php/term/,6f57b19b61545da79b9ea5aeac5d53a6.xhtml | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625095303/https://qamosona.com/G3/index.php/term/,6f57b19b61545da79b9ea5aeac5d53a6.xhtml | access-date=2025-03-21 | archive-date=2021-06-25}}</ref> meaning 'uniqueness' used by [[Pir Roshan|Pir Roshan Bayazid]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Faqir |first=Faqir Muhammad |year=2014 |title=The Neologism of Bayazid Ansari |url=http://khyber.org/pacademy/journal/pdf/2014-Pasht-43-Faqir-TheNeologi.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014062439/http://khyber.org/pacademy/journal/pdf/2014-Pasht-43-Faqir-TheNeologi.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-date=14 October 2021 |journal=Pashto |volume=43 |issue=647–648 |pages=147–165 }}</ref> Such classical vocabulary is being reintroduced to modern Pashto.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pashtoon |first=Zeeya A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YKACSQAACAAJ&q=zeeya+a+pashto+dictionary |title=Pashto–English Dictionary |date=2009 |publisher=Dunwoody Press |isbn=978-1-931546-70-6 |pages=144 |language=en }}</ref> Some words also survive in dialects like {{lang|ps|ناوې پلاز}} 'the bride-room'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Momand |first=Qalandar |title=Daryab Pashto Glossary |url=https://qamosona.com/G/index.php/term/,63b05a9daea7a56f69b05aae5cada65c.xhtml}}</ref>

Example from [[Khayr al-Bayān]]:<ref name=":0" />

: {{nq|{{lang|ps|2=
... بې يګانګئ بې قرارئ وي او په بدخوئ کښې وي په ګناهان
}}}}
: '''Transliteration:''' {{lang|ps-Latn|... '''be-yagānagə́i''', be-kararə́i wi aw pə badxwə́i kx̌e wi pə gunāhā́n|italic=no}}
: '''Translation:''' "... without '''singularity/uniqueness''', without calmness and by bad-attitude are on sin ."