Editing Particle physics (section)

== Experimental laboratories ==
[[File:02 Fermilab - Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory - American particle accelerator Fermilab near Chicago Illinois.jpg|thumb|Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, USA]]
The world's major particle physics laboratories are:
* [[Brookhaven National Laboratory]] ([[Long Island]], New York, [[United States]]). Its main facility is the [[Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider]] (RHIC), which collides [[Relativistic nuclear collisions|heavy ions]] such as gold ions and polarized protons. It is the world's first heavy ion collider, and the world's only polarized proton collider.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Harrison|first1=M.|last2=Ludlam|first2=T.|last3=Ozaki|first3=S.|date=March 2003|title=RHIC project overview|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1259915|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment|volume=499|issue=2–3|pages=235–244|doi=10.1016/S0168-9002(02)01937-X|bibcode=2003NIMPA.499..235H|access-date=16 September 2019|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415022754/https://zenodo.org/record/1259915|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Courant|first=Ernest D.|title=Accelerators, Colliders, and Snakes|date=December 2003|journal=[[Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science]]|volume=53|issue=1|pages=1–37|doi=10.1146/annurev.nucl.53.041002.110450|bibcode=2003ARNPS..53....1C|issn=0163-8998|doi-access=}}</ref>
* [[Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics]] ([[Novosibirsk]], [[Russia]]). Its main projects are now the electron-positron [[collider]]s [[VEPP-2000]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vepp2k.inp.nsk.su/ |title=index |publisher=Vepp2k.inp.nsk.su |access-date=21 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029223656/http://vepp2k.inp.nsk.su/ |archive-date=29 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> operated since 2006, and VEPP-4,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://v4.inp.nsk.su/index.en.html |title=The VEPP-4 accelerating-storage complex |publisher=V4.inp.nsk.su |access-date=21 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716074832/http://v4.inp.nsk.su/index.en.html |archive-date=16 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> started experiments in 1994. Earlier facilities include the first electron–electron beam–beam [[collider]] VEP-1, which conducted experiments from 1964 to 1968; the electron-positron [[collider]]s VEPP-2, operated from 1965 to 1974; and, its successor VEPP-2M,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inp.nsk.su/activity/old/vepp2m/index.ru.shtml |title=VEPP-2M collider complex |language=ru |publisher=Inp.nsk.su |access-date=21 July 2012 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005149/http://www.inp.nsk.su/activity/old/vepp2m/index.ru.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> performed experiments from 1974 to 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://englishrussia.com/2012/01/21/the-budker-institute-of-nuclear-physics/ |title=The Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics |publisher=English Russia |date=21 January 2012 |access-date=23 June 2012 |archive-date=28 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628191134/http://englishrussia.com/2012/01/21/the-budker-institute-of-nuclear-physics |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[File:View inside detector at the CMS cavern LHC CERN.jpg|thumb|[[Compact Muon Solenoid|CMS]] detector for LHC]][[CERN]] (European Organization for Nuclear Research) ([[France|Franco]]-[[Switzerland|Swiss]] border, near [[Geneva]], Switzerland). Its main project is now the [[Large Hadron Collider]] (LHC), which had its first beam circulation on 10 September 2008, and is now the world's most energetic collider of protons. It also became the most energetic collider of heavy ions after it began colliding lead ions. Earlier facilities include the [[Large Electron–Positron Collider]] (LEP), which was stopped on 2 November 2000 and then dismantled to give way for LHC; and the [[Super Proton Synchrotron]], which is being reused as a pre-accelerator for the LHC and for fixed-target experiments.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://info.cern.ch/ |title=Welcome to |publisher=Info.cern.ch |access-date=23 June 2012 |archive-date=5 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105103513/http://info.cern.ch/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[DESY]] (Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron) ([[Hamburg]], [[Germany]]). Its main facility was the [[Hadron Elektron Ring Anlage]] (HERA), which collided electrons and positrons with protons.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.desy.de/index_eng.html |title=Germany's largest accelerator centre |publisher=Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY |access-date=23 June 2012 |archive-date=26 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626075024/http://www.desy.de/index_eng.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The accelerator complex is now focused on the production of [[synchrotron radiation]] with [[PETRA III]], [[FLASH]] and the [[European XFEL]].
* [[Fermilab|Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab)]] ([[Batavia, Illinois|Batavia]], Illinois, [[United States]]). Its main facility until 2011 was the [[Tevatron]], which collided protons and antiprotons and was the highest-energy particle collider on earth until the Large Hadron Collider surpassed it on 29 November 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fnal.gov/ |title=Fermilab &#124; Home |publisher=Fnal.gov |access-date=23 June 2012 |archive-date=5 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105014508/http://www.fnal.gov/pub/publications/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Institute of High Energy Physics]] (IHEP) ([[Beijing]], [[China]]). IHEP manages a number of China's major particle physics facilities, including the [[Beijing Electron–Positron Collider II]](BEPC II), the Beijing Spectrometer (BES), the Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF), the [[Yangbajain Cosmic Ray National Field Scientific Observatory|International Cosmic-Ray Observatory at Yangbajing]] in Tibet, the [[Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment]], the [[China Spallation Neutron Source]], the [[Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope]] (HXMT), and the Accelerator-driven Sub-critical System (ADS) as well as the [[Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory]] (JUNO).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.ihep.cas.cn/au/ |title=IHEP &#124; Home |publisher=ihep.ac.cn |access-date=29 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201061558/http://english.ihep.cas.cn/au/ |archive-date=1 February 2016}}</ref>
* [[KEK]] ([[Tsukuba, Ibaraki|Tsukuba]], [[Japan]]). It is the home of a number of experiments such as the [[K2K experiment]], a [[neutrino oscillation]] experiment and [[Belle II experiment|Belle II]], an experiment measuring the [[CP violation]] of [[B meson]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://legacy.kek.jp/intra-e/index.html |title=Kek &#124; High Energy Accelerator Research Organization |publisher=Legacy.kek.jp |access-date=23 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621201554/http://legacy.kek.jp/intra-e/index.html |archive-date=21 June 2012 }}</ref>
* [[SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory]] ([[Menlo Park, California|Menlo Park]], California, [[United States]]). Its 2-mile-long linear particle accelerator began operating in 1962 and was the basis for numerous [[electron]] and [[positron]] collision experiments until 2008. Since then the linear accelerator is being used for the [[Linac Coherent Light Source]] [[X-ray laser]] as well as advanced accelerator design research. SLAC staff continue to participate in developing and building many [[particle detector]]s around the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Home Page|url=http://www6.slac.stanford.edu/|access-date=19 February 2015|archive-date=5 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205100556/https://www6.slac.stanford.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref>