Editing Paradigm shift (section)

=== Social sciences ===
In Kuhn's view, the existence of a single reigning paradigm is characteristic of the natural sciences, while philosophy and much of social science were characterized by a "tradition of claims, counterclaims, and debates over fundamentals."<ref>{{Cite book |last= Kuhn |first= Thomas N. |author-link= Thomas Kuhn |editor1-last= Lakatos |editor1-first= Imre |editor2-last= Musgrave |editor2-first= Alan |editor1-link= Imre Lakatos |editor2-link= Alan Musgrave |title= Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge |edition= second |orig-year= 1970 |year= 1972 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |location= Cambridge |isbn= 978-0-521-09623-2 |page= [https://archive.org/details/criticismgrowth00laka/page/6 6] |chapter= Logic of Discovery or Psychology of Research |chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/criticismgrowth00laka/page/6 }}</ref>  Others have applied Kuhn's concept of paradigm shift to the social sciences.

* The movement known as the [[cognitive revolution]] moved away from [[Behaviorism|behaviourist]] approaches to [[psychology]] and the acceptance of [[cognition]] as central to studying human behavior.
* [[Anthropologist]] [[Franz Boas]] published ''[[The Mind of Primitive Man]]'', which integrated his theories concerning the history and development of cultures and established a program that would dominate American anthropology in the following years. His research, along with that of his other colleagues, combatted and debunked the claims being made by scholars at the time, given [[scientific racism]] and [[eugenics]] were dominant in many universities and institutions that were dedicated to studying humans and society. Eventually [[anthropology]] would apply a holistic approach, utilizing four subcategories to study humans: [[archaeology]], [[cultural anthropology|cultural]], [[evolutionary anthropology|evolutionary]], and [[linguistic anthropology]].
* At the turn of the 20th century, [[sociologist]]s, along with other [[social scientist]]s developed and adopted methodological [[antipositivism]], which sought to uphold a subjective perspective when studying human activities pertaining to [[culture]], [[society]], and [[behavior]]. This was in stark contrast to [[positivism]], which took its influence from the methodologies utilized within the [[natural science]]s.
* First proposed by [[Ferdinand de Saussure]] in 1879, the [[laryngeal theory]] in [[Indo-European linguistics]] postulated the existence of "laryngeal" consonants in the [[Proto-Indo-European language]] (PIE), a theory that was confirmed by the discovery of the [[Hittite language]] in the early 20th century. The theory has since been accepted by the vast majority of linguists, paving the way for the [[internal reconstruction]] of the syntax and grammatical rules of PIE and is considered one of the most significant developments in linguistics since the initial discovery of the [[Indo-European language family]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Indo European Linguistics: An Introduction|year=2007|url=https://archive.org/details/indoeuropeanling00clac|url-access=limited|author=James Clackson|publisher=[[Cambridge University]]|page=[https://archive.org/details/indoeuropeanling00clac/page/n76 53]|isbn=9780521653671}}</ref>
* The adoption of [[radiocarbon dating]] by archaeologists has been proposed as a paradigm shift because of how it greatly increased the time depth the archaeologists could reliably date objects from. Similarly the use of [[LIDAR]] for remote geospatial imaging of cultural landscapes, and the shift from processual to post-processual archaeology have both been claimed as paradigm shifts by archaeologists.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schmidt |first1=Sophie C. |last2=Marwick |first2=Ben |title=Tool-Driven Revolutions in Archaeological Science |journal=Journal of Computer Applications in Archaeology |date=28 January 2020 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=18–32 |doi=10.5334/jcaa.29|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* The [[Marginalism#Marginal_Revolution|Marginal Revolution]], a development of economic theory in the late 19th century led by [[William Stanley Jevons]] in England, [[Carl Menger]] in Austria, and [[Léon Walras]] in Switzerland and France which explained economic behavior in terms of [[marginal utility]].