Editing Papal States (section)

===Roman Republic, Napoleonic era===
{{main|Napoleon and the Catholic Church}}
[[File:Gregory XVI.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Pope Gregory XVI]]]]

This surface was maintained until 1791, when the [[French Revolution]] affected the temporal territories of the Papacy as well as the Roman Church in general. In 1791 a [[1791 Avignon–Comtat Venaissin status referendum|referendum]] in [[Comtat Venaissin]] and [[Avignon]] was followed by occupation by Revolutionary France.{{sfn|Hanson|2015|page=252}} Later, with the [[Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars|French invasion of Italy]] in 1796, the Legations (the Papal States' northern territories{{sfn|Hanson|2015|page=252}}) were seized and became part of the [[Cispadane Republic]].

Two years later, French forces invaded the remaining area of the Papal States, and in February 1798 General [[Louis-Alexandre Berthier]] declared a [[Roman Republic (18th century)|Roman Republic]].{{sfn|Hanson|2015|page= 252}} [[Pope Pius VI]] fled from Rome to [[Siena]] and died in exile in [[Valence, Drôme|Valence]] in 1799.{{sfn|Hanson|2015|page= 252}} 
In October 1799, [[Kingdom of Naples|Neapolitan]] troops under King [[Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies#French_occupation_and_the_Parthenopaean_Republic|Ferdinand]] invaded the newfound republic and restored Papal States, ending the republic. The French quickly drove the Neapolitans out and reoccupied the Papal States, but didn't bother restoring the republic, as they continued their invasion to Naples, where they established [[Parthenopean Republic|another republic]]. In June 1800, [[French Consulate]] formally concluded the occupation and restored the Papal States, with the newly elected [[Pope Pius VII]] taking residence in Rome. Yet, in 1808 the [[First French Empire|French Empire]] under [[Napoleon]] invaded again. Then on 2 April 1808, Napoleon decreed that the Papal territories of Urbino, Ancona, Macerata, and Camerino (essentially the region known as the Marches) were to be annexed to the Napoleonic [[Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)|Kingdom of Italy]]. Approximately 13 months later on 17 May 1809, the remainder of the Papal States (including Rome) was annexed to the First French Empire,{{sfn|Hanson|2015|page=252}} forming the ''[[département]]s'' of ''[[Tibre]]'' and ''[[Trasimène]]''.

Following the fall of the First French Empire in 1814, the [[Congress of Vienna]] formally restored the Italian territories of the Papal States, but not the Comtat Venaissin or Avignon, to Vatican control.{{sfn|Hanson|2015|page= 252}}

Upon restitution of sovereignty to the Papal States, Pius VII decided to abolish feudalism, transforming all the noble titles (temporarily abolished during the Napoleonic occupation) into honorifics disconnected from territorial privileges. In 1853, [[Pope Pius IX]] put an end to the centuries-old duality between the [[Papal nobility]] and the Roman baronial families by equating the civic patriciate of the city of Rome with the nobility created by the Pope.

From 1814 until the death of [[Pope Gregory XVI]] in 1846, the popes followed a [[reactionary]] policy in the Papal States. For instance, the city of Rome maintained the last [[Roman Ghetto|Jewish ghetto]] in Western Europe.