Editing Paleozoic (section)

==Climate==
[[File:Life in the early Paleozoic Age.jpg|thumb|Life in the early Paleozoic]]
[[File:Swamp Forest in the Carboniferous Age.jpg|thumb|Swamp forest in the Carboniferous]]
The early Cambrian climate was probably moderate at first, becoming warmer over the course of the Cambrian, as the second-greatest sustained [[sea level rise]] in the Phanerozoic got underway. However, as if to offset this trend, Gondwana moved south, so that, in Ordovician time, most of West Gondwana (Africa and South America) lay directly over the [[South Pole]].

The early Paleozoic climate was strongly zonal, with the result that the "climate", in an abstract sense, became warmer, but the living space of most organisms of the time – the continental shelf marine environment – became steadily colder. However, [[Baltica]] (Northern Europe and Russia) and [[Laurentia]] (eastern North America and Greenland) remained in the tropical zone, while China and Australia lay in waters which were at least temperate. The early Paleozoic ended, rather abruptly, with the short, but apparently severe, late Ordovician ice age. This cold spell caused the second-greatest [[mass extinction]] of the Phanerozoic Eon.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Saupe |first1=Erin E. |last2=Qiao |first2=Huijie |last3=Donnadieu |first3=Yannick |last4=Farnsworth |first4=Alexander |last5=Kennedy-Asser |first5=Alan T. |last6=Ladant |first6=Jean-Baptiste |last7=Lunt |first7=Daniel J. |last8=Pohl |first8=Alexandre |last9=Valdes |first9=Paul |last10=Finnegan |first10=Seth |date=16 December 2019 |title=Extinction intensity during Ordovician and Cenozoic glaciations explained by cooling and palaeogeography |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-019-0504-6#citeas |journal=[[Nature Geoscience]] |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=65–70 |doi=10.1038/s41561-019-0504-6 |s2cid=209381464 |access-date=22 October 2022|hdl=1983/c88c3d46-e95d-43e6-aeaf-685580089635 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>{{efn|name=only-counting-Phanerozoic-extinctions-note}} Over time, the warmer weather moved into the Paleozoic Era.

The Ordovician and Silurian were warm greenhouse periods, with the highest sea levels of the Paleozoic (200&nbsp;m above today's); the warm climate was interrupted only by a {{Ma|30|million year}} cool period, the [[Early Palaeozoic Icehouse]], culminating in the [[Hirnantian]] glaciation, {{Ma|445}} at the end of the Ordovician.<ref name=Munnecke-Calner-etal-2010>
{{cite journal |last1=Munnecke |first1=A. |last2=Calner |first2=M. |last3=Harper |first3=D.A.T. |author3-link=David Harper (palaeontologist) |last4=Servais |first4=T. |title=Ordovician and Silurian sea-water chemistry, sea level, and climate: A synopsis |journal=[[Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology]] |volume=296 |issue=3–4 |pages=389–413 |year=2010 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.08.001 |bibcode=2010PPP...296..389M}}
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The middle Paleozoic was a time of considerable stability. Sea levels had dropped coincident with the ice age, but slowly recovered over the course of the Silurian and Devonian. The slow merger of Baltica and Laurentia, and the northward movement of bits and pieces of Gondwana created numerous new regions of relatively warm, shallow sea floor. As plants took hold on the continental margins, [[oxygen]] levels increased and [[carbon dioxide]] dropped, although much less dramatically. The north–south temperature gradient also seems to have moderated, or [[metazoan life]] simply became hardier, or both. At any event, the far southern continental margins of [[Antarctica]] and West Gondwana became increasingly less barren. The Devonian ended with a series of [[Turnover-pulse hypothesis|turnover pulses]] which killed off much of middle Paleozoic vertebrate life, without noticeably reducing species diversity overall.

There are many unanswered questions about the late Paleozoic. The [[Mississippian age|Mississippian]] (early Carboniferous Period) began with a spike in atmospheric oxygen, while carbon dioxide plummeted to new lows. This destabilized the climate and led to one, and perhaps two, ice ages during the Carboniferous. These were far more severe than the brief Late Ordovician ice age; but, this time, the effects on world biota were inconsequential. By the [[Cisuralian]] Epoch, both oxygen and carbon dioxide had recovered to more normal levels. On the other hand, the assembly of Pangaea created huge arid inland areas subject to temperature extremes. The [[Lopingian]] Epoch is associated with falling sea levels, increased carbon dioxide and general climatic deterioration, culminating in the devastation of the Permian extinction.