Editing Osmium (section)

== Precautions ==
The primary hazard presented by metallic osmium is the potential formation of [[osmium tetroxide]] (OsO<sub>4</sub>), which is [[Volatility (chemistry)|volatile]] and very poisonous.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lebeau |first1=Alex |title=Hamilton & Hardy's Industrial Toxicology |date=20 March 2015 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |isbn=978-1-118-83401-5 |pages=187–192 |language=en |chapter=Platinum Group Elements: Palladium, Iridium, Osmium, Rhodium, and Ruthenium}}</ref> This reaction is thermodynamically favorable at room temperature,<ref>{{cite web |title=Osmium(VIII) oxide |url=https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/ |website=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 103rd Edition (Internet Version 2022) |publisher=CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group |access-date=6 February 2023 |archive-date=October 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028215703/https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/contents/ContentsSearch.xhtml?dswid=7699 |url-status=live }}</ref> but the rate depends on temperature and the surface area of the metal.<ref name="Toxic Manifestations of Osmium Tetr">{{cite journal |last1=McLaughlin |first1=A. I. G. |last2=Milton |first2=R. |last3=Perry |first3=Kenneth M. A. |title=Toxic Manifestations of Osmium Tetroxide |journal=Occupational and Environmental Medicine |date=1 July 1946 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=183–186 |doi=10.1136/oem.3.3.183|pmid=20991177 |pmc=1035752 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Friedova |first1=Natalie |last2=Pelclova |first2=Daniela |last3=Obertova |first3=Nikola |last4=Lach |first4=Karel |last5=Kesslerova |first5=Katerina |last6=Kohout |first6=Pavel |title=Osmium absorption after osmium tetroxide skin and eye exposure |journal=Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology |date=November 2020 |volume=127 |issue=5 |pages=429–433 |doi=10.1111/bcpt.13450|pmid=32524772 |s2cid=219588237 }}</ref> As a result, bulk material is not considered hazardous<ref name="Toxic Manifestations of Osmium Tetr"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials |date=15 October 2012 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |isbn=978-0-471-70134-7 |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/0471701343.sdp45229 |access-date=5 February 2023 |language=en |chapter=Osmium 7440-04-2|pages=1–2 |doi=10.1002/0471701343.sdp45229 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Luttrell |first1=William E. |last2=Giles |first2=Cory B. |title=Toxic tips: Osmium tetroxide |journal=Journal of Chemical Health & Safety |date=1 September 2007 |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=40–41 |doi=10.1016/j.jchas.2007.07.003}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Ivan C. |last2=Carson |first2=Bonnie L. |last3=Ferguson |first3=Thomas L. |title=Osmium: An Appraisal of Environmental Exposure |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |date=August 1974 |volume=8 |pages=201–213 |doi=10.1289/ehp.748201 |pmid=4470919 |pmc=1474945 |bibcode=1974EnvHP...8..201S |url=https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.748201 |language=en |issn=0091-6765}}</ref> while powders react quickly enough that samples can sometimes smell like OsO<sub>4</sub> if they are handled in air.<ref name="greenwood" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gadaskina |first1=I. D. |title=Osmium |url=https://www.iloencyclopaedia.org/part-ix-21851/metals-chemical-properties-and-toxicity/item/178-osmium |website=ILO Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety |access-date=6 February 2023 |language=en-gb |archive-date=November 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103014706/https://www.iloencyclopaedia.org/part-ix-21851/metals-chemical-properties-and-toxicity/item/178-osmium |url-status=live }}</ref>