Editing One country, two systems (section)

==Implementation in Hong Kong==
=== Degree of autonomy ===
As a British colony, Hong Kong was neither democratic nor autonomous.<ref name=":04" />{{Rp|page=177}} After Britain returned Hong Kong to China in 1997, Beijing promised that Hong Kong citizens would be free to elect their local government. However, the Basic Law does not have a clear timetable for when universal suffrage is to be achieved, ultimately stating that a full vote by the populace and universal suffrage must be reached before the end of the 50-year transition according to Article 45.<ref name="mobile.abc.net.au">{{Cite web |date=16 December 2014 |title=Fact check: Was Hong Kong ever promised democracy? – Fact Check |url=https://mobile.abc.net.au/news/2014-12-16/was-hong-kong-ever-promised-democracy-fact-check/5809964 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103144602/https://mobile.abc.net.au/news/2014-12-16/was-hong-kong-ever-promised-democracy-fact-check/5809964 |archive-date=3 November 2019 |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Koo |first=George |date=2 October 2019 |title=An alternative view of HK protests {{!}} Opinion |url=https://www.asiatimes.com/2019/10/opinion/an-alternative-view-of-hong-kong/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012003920/https://www.asiatimes.com/2019/10/opinion/an-alternative-view-of-hong-kong/ |archive-date=12 October 2019 |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=Asia Times |language=en}}</ref>

In the year after the handover, surveys showed high levels of satisfaction with Beijing's hands-off relationship with the former colony.<ref name="Concise">{{cite book |last1=Carroll |first1=John Mark |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/184965072?oclcNum=184965072 |title=A Concise History of Hong Kong |date=2007 |publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]] |isbn=978-962-209-878-7 |pages=221–228 |oclc=184965072}}</ref>

The year before, the Provisional Legislative Council passed laws restricting the [[right of abode]], leading to a case brought against the government, which ended in a loss for the government in the [[Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal]] in 1999. The government then took its case to the National People's Congress. The legal establishment expressed its disapproval of the act Martin Lee described as "giving away" Hong Kong's autonomy with a silent march. Polls showed the events had depressed the public's confidence in the government, despite the fact that most were in favour of the government's stance over that of the court's.<ref name="Concise" />

On 10 June 2014, China's central government released a [[The Practice of the 'One Country, Two Systems' Policy in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region|white paper]]<ref name="Full text">{{cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2014-06/10/c_133396891.htm|title=Full Text: The Practice of the "One Country, Two Systems" Policy in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region|agency=Xinhua News Agency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008210149/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2014-06/10/c_133396891.htm|archive-date=8 October 2014}}</ref> describing its view of comprehensive jurisdiction over Hong Kong.<ref name=":04" />{{Rp|page=180}} The white paper stated that Hong Kong's high degree of autonomy is not an inherent power, but rather one which exists solely through the authorization of the central government.<ref name=":04" />{{Rp|page=180}} The white paper's release ignited criticism from many people in Hong Kong, who said that the Communist leadership was reneging on its pledges to abide by the "one country, two systems" policy that allows for a democratic, autonomous Hong Kong under Beijing's rule.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://mobile.nytimes.com/blogs/sinosphere/2014/06/11/beijings-white-paper-sets-off-a-firestorm-in-hong-kong/ | title = Beijing's "White Paper" Sets Off a Firestorm in Hong Kong | work = The New York Times | date = 11 June 2014 | access-date = 23 June 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140618000943/http://mobile.nytimes.com/blogs/sinosphere/2014/06/11/beijings-white-paper-sets-off-a-firestorm-in-hong-kong/ |author-last1=Wong|author-first1=Alan| archive-date = 18 June 2014 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

During the [[2014 Hong Kong protests]], students demanded more political freedom in direct response to the [[2014 NPCSC Decision on Hong Kong|"831 decision" of the NPCSC]]. The participants demanded freedom of choice, electoral freedom, democracy and, in particular, they wanted to participate in the elections of the [[Chief Executive of Hong Kong|head of the administration of Hong Kong]]. The name "[[Umbrella Movement|umbrella movement]]" originated because the students protected themselves with umbrellas from the pepper spray of the police. Thus, umbrellas became the symbol of this movement.<ref name="refa1" /> In 2016, [[Joshua Wong]], [[Alex Chow]] and [[Nathan Law]], student leaders of the protests, were charged for their roles in the protests and found guilty. https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20160721/c21hongkong/

=== Moral and National Education controversy ===
{{Main|Moral and National Education controversy}}
It was officially announced in September 2012 that the Hong Kong government would introduce compulsory "national, moral and civic education"<ref>{{Cite web|title=Moral, Civic and National Education|url=https://www.edb.gov.hk/en/curriculum-development/4-key-tasks/moral-civic/index.html|website=www.edb.gov.hk|access-date=14 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022115906/https://www.edb.gov.hk/en/curriculum-development/4-key-tasks/moral-civic/index.html|archive-date=22 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> in all non-international primary and secondary schools to strengthen "national identity awareness and nurture patriotism towards China".<ref>{{Cite web|title=National education in Hong Kong|url=https://www.scmp.com/topics/national-education-hong-kong|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=14 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419170006/https://www.scmp.com/topics/national-education-hong-kong|archive-date=19 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Morris |first1=Paul |last2=Vickers |first2=Edward |date=3 July 2015 |title=Schooling, politics and the construction of identity in Hong Kong: the 2012 "Moral and National Education" crisis in historical context |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1488620/1/Morris_Vickers%20untracked%20-%20EV%20March%2013%202015.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Comparative Education |language=en |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=305–326 |doi=10.1080/03050068.2015.1033169 |issn=0305-0068 |oclc=6001098933 |s2cid=142915161 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205125022/https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1488620/1/Morris_Vickers%20untracked%20-%20EV%20March%2013%202015.pdf |archive-date=5 December 2020 |access-date=29 August 2020}}</ref> According to an academic research paper, the current school curriculum in Hong Kong projects a "dual sense of identity": "Chineseness" and "Hongkongesness"<ref name=":2" /> and notably, this has created strong public activism by Hong Kong pre- and post-1997.<ref name=":2" /> However, the new curriculum includes "general civic education" and lessons meant to increase students' appreciation of China.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Liu|first=Juliana|date=1 September 2012|title=Hong Kong debates "national education" classes|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-19407425|access-date=14 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208174530/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-19407425|archive-date=8 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> This announcement led to 10 days of protests, with up to 120,000 protesters each day, due to concerns of Hong Kong losing autonomy.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last1=Lau |first1=Stuart |last2=Nip |first2=Amy |last3=Wan |first3=Adrian |date=9 September 2012 |title=Protest against national education to end after government climbdown |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1032535/protest-against-national-education-end-after-government-climbdown |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519031556/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1032535/protest-against-national-education-end-after-government-climbdown |archive-date=19 May 2020 |access-date=14 May 2020 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> In response, the chief executive at the time, [[Leung Chun-ying|CY Leung]], chose to remove the idea of compulsory teaching, meaning that schools could freely decide if they would teach the subject.<ref name=":3" /> Despite CY Leung's decision, new chief executive Carrie Lam, who took over on 1 July 2017, has prioritised the topic of national education, by placing importance on "instilling patriotism in pupils".<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Chiu |first=Peace |date=4 August 2017 |title=Is national education set to make a comeback in Hong Kong? |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2105343/chinese-national-education-set-make-comeback-hong-kong-its |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226180558/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2105343/chinese-national-education-set-make-comeback-hong-kong-its |archive-date=26 February 2020 |access-date=14 May 2020 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> Furthermore, in August 2017, Christine Choi Yuk-Lin was appointed by the government as the under-secretary of the Education Bureau.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lam |first1=Jeffie |last2=Chiu |first2=Peace |date=1 August 2017 |title=Pro-Beijing school principal named Hong Kong's new education undersecretary despite national education fears |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2104961/pro-beijing-school-principal-named-hong-kongs-new-education |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002172610/http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2104961/pro-beijing-school-principal-named-hong-kongs-new-education |archive-date=2 October 2017 |access-date=14 May 2020 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> She "has former connections with the pro-Beijing Federation of Education Workers" (SCMP article A). This led to more than 17,000 people signing a petition opposing Yuk-lin having the position.<ref name=":4" /> [[Chinese Communist Party]] [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of China|general secretary]] [[Xi Jinping]] also announced during his visit to Hong Kong in July 2017 the need for an enhancement and boost of "national history and culture" in Hong Kong education.<ref name=":4" />

=== Causeway Bay booksellers case ===
{{main|Causeway Bay Books disappearances}}
The disappearances of five staff at [[Causeway Bay Books]] – an independent publisher and bookstore – in October to December 2015 precipitated an international outcry as cross-border abductions were widely suspected. Although at least two of them disappeared in [[mainland China]], one in [[Thailand]], one member was last seen in Hong Kong, but apparently had found his way across the Chinese land border in Shenzhen without the necessary travel documents.<ref name=bigstory1>{{cite web |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/urn:publicid:ap.org:acf943c14a5049e99aa1ab61bb9965dd |title=Hong Kong unsettled by case of 5 missing booksellers |agency=Associated Press |work=The Big Story |date=3 January 2016 |access-date=10 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114649/http://bigstory.ap.org/urn:publicid:ap.org:acf943c14a5049e99aa1ab61bb9965dd |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> The unprecedented disappearance of a person in Hong Kong, and the bizarre events surrounding it, shocked the city and crystallised international concern over the suspected abduction of Hong Kong citizens by [[Chinese public security bureau]] officials and their likely [[extraordinary rendition|rendition]], in violation of several articles of the Basic Law and the one country, two systems principle.<ref name=20160105nytimes>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/05/world/asia/mighty-current-media-hong-kong-lee-bo.html?_r=0 |title=Disappearance of 5 Tied to Publisher Prompts Broader Worries in Hong Kong |date=5 January 2016 |work=The New York Times |access-date=3 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321220848/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/05/world/asia/mighty-current-media-hong-kong-lee-bo.html?_r=0 |archive-date=21 March 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=20160107guardianpull>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/07/hong-kong-bookshops-pull-politically-sensitive-titles-after-publishers-vanish|title=Hong Kong bookshops pull politically sensitive titles after publishers vanish|author=Ilaria Maria Sala|work=The Guardian|location=London|date=7 January 2016|access-date=17 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202140935/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/07/hong-kong-bookshops-pull-politically-sensitive-titles-after-publishers-vanish|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=20160105ejinsightunanswered>{{cite web|url=http://www.ejinsight.com/20160105-unanswered-questions-about-the-missing-booksellers/|title=Unanswered questions about the missing booksellers|work=EJ Insight|date=5 January 2016|access-date=10 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111214122/http://www.ejinsight.com/20160105-unanswered-questions-about-the-missing-booksellers/|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> It was later confirmed that they are under detention in mainland China although most had reappeared in Hong Kong and cancelled their missing persons' reports with the police.{{cn|date=February 2025}}

On 16 June 2016, shortly after he returned to Hong Kong, [[Lam Wing-kee]] gave a long press conference in which he detailed the circumstances surrounding his eight-month detention, and describing how his confession and those of his associates had been scripted and stage-managed. Lam implicated the involvement of the [[Central Investigation Team]], which is under direct control of the highest level of the Beijing leadership. His revelations stunned Hong Kong and made headlines worldwide, prompting a flurry of counter-accusations and denials from mainland authorities and supporters.<ref name="AutoRQ-1">{{cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2016/06/18/1000-protesters-chant-no-authority-support-returned-bookseller/|title=In Pictures: Over 1,000 protesters chant "no to authority" in support of returned bookseller – Hong Kong Free Press HKFP|date=18 June 2016|access-date=17 September 2016}}</ref><ref name=20160616hongkongfp>{{cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2016/06/16/breaking-returned-bookseller-says-he-was-detained-by-a-special-unit-in-china-confession-was-scripted/|title=Returned bookseller says he was detained by "special unit" in China, TV "confession" was scripted|date=16 June 2016|work=hongkongfp.com|access-date=17 September 2016}}</ref>

=== Hong Kong National Party ban ===
{{main|Hong Kong National Party}}
On 17 July 2018, the [[Hong Kong Police Force]] served the party convener a notice under the [[Societies Ordinance]], seeking to ban the Hong Kong National Party (HKNP) for [[sedition]], on grounds of national security with respect to [[PRC|Chinese]] territorial integrity. The party and its convener Andy Chan submitted their case against being outlawed. Ten days later, in an unprecedented move, Secretary for Security [[John Lee (government official)|John Lee]] on 24 September 2018 officially banned the party on national security grounds.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hong Kong National Party's call for "armed revolution" no mere political slogan but a threat to safety and order, security minister John Lee says|date=24 September 2018|newspaper=South China Morning Post|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2165439/hong-kong-issues-unprecedented-ban-separatist-party|access-date=15 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926062421/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2165439/hong-kong-issues-unprecedented-ban-separatist-party|archive-date=26 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

The ban prohibited anyone who claims to be a HKNP member, or is found to provide aid to the party in any way, under the threat of being fined and jailed for up to two years. The definition of "providing aid" to the party and the two leaders were not made clear. Chan's lawyers wrote to the Department of Justice seeking an assurance that providing legal assistance to him would not be regarded as providing assistance to the HKNP, but that assurance was not forthcoming.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lum|first1=Alvin|title=Hong Kong National Party founders lodge separate appeals against ban in effort to avoid legal action|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2170054/hong-kong-separatist-party-founders-andy-chan-and-chow-ho|access-date=24 October 2018|work=South China Morning Post|date=24 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024125720/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2170054/hong-kong-separatist-party-founders-andy-chan-and-chow-ho|archive-date=24 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Victor Mallet controversy ===
{{main|Victor Mallet visa controversy}}
In August, a controversy erupted in 2018 when the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club (Hong Kong)|Foreign Correspondents' Club of Hong Kong]] (FCC) hosted a lunchtime talk with Andy Chan, convener of the [[Hong Kong Independence Party]] (HKIP) to take place on 14 August. Victor Mallet, vice-chairman of the press organisation, chaired the session.<ref name=time5450061>{{cite news|url=https://time.com/5450061/hong-kong-financial-times-journalist-barred/|title=Financial Times Editor Barred Entry Into Hong Kong|magazine=Time|date=8 October 2018|access-date=15 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116065156/http://time.com/5450061/hong-kong-financial-times-journalist-barred/|archive-date=16 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The governments of China and Hong Kong had called for the cancellation of the talk, because the issue of independence supposedly crossed one of the "bottom lines" on national sovereignty.<ref name=bbc45769811>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-45769811|title=Hong Kong rejects visa for FT editor|date=6 October 2018|publisher=BBC|access-date=15 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116000813/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-45769811|archive-date=16 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=scmp2168041>{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2168041/hong-kong-denied-journalist-victor-mallets-visa-influence|title=Ex-British foreign minister, US senator urge action on Hong Kong visa refusal|work=South China Morning Post|date=9 November 2018|access-date=15 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115195108/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2168041/hong-kong-denied-journalist-victor-mallets-visa-influence|archive-date=15 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> After a visit to Bangkok, Mallet was denied a working visa by the Hong Kong government.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2167429/financial-times-journalist-victor-mallet-re-enters-hong-kong| title=Journalist Victor Mallet allowed back into Hong Kong – for seven days only| date=8 October 2018| access-date=15 November 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116023642/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2167429/financial-times-journalist-victor-mallet-re-enters-hong-kong| archive-date=16 November 2018| url-status=live}}</ref> Mallet was subjected to a four-hour interrogation by immigration officers on his return from Thailand on Sunday 7 October before he was finally allowed to enter Hong Kong on a seven-day tourist visa.<ref name=scmp2172430>{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2172430/refusal-let-british-financial-times-journalist-enter-hong|title=Ban on journalist risks undermining business confidence, UK minister warns|work=South China Morning Post|date=9 November 2018|access-date=16 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115195057/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2172430/refusal-let-british-financial-times-journalist-enter-hong|archive-date=15 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the absence of an official explanation, Mallet's visa rejection was widely seen to be retribution for his role in chairing the Andy Chan talk which the FCC refused to call off.<ref name=time5450061/><ref name=scmp2168041/> Secretary for Security [[John Lee (government official)|John Lee]] insisted the ban on Mallet was unrelated to press freedom, but declined to explain the decision.<ref name=scmp2172430/> The incident caused a furious debate over restrictions to freedoms that were supposedly protected by the [[Sino-British Joint Declaration]] under "one country, two systems".<ref name=dw01>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/financial-times-editor-given-one-week-to-leave-hong-kong/a-45796550|title=Financial Times editor given one week to leave Hong Kong|date=8 October 2018|publisher=Deutsche Welle|access-date=15 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116000836/https://www.dw.com/en/financial-times-editor-given-one-week-to-leave-hong-kong/a-45796550|archive-date=16 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Extradition bill and Hong Kong 2019–2020 protests ===
{{main|2019–20 Hong Kong protests|2019 Hong Kong extradition bill}}
In April 2019, an extradition bill was proposed in Hong Kong inciting [[2019–20 Hong Kong protests|mass protests]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ives|first1=Mike|last2=May|first2=Tiffany|date=11 June 2019|title=Hong Kong Residents Block Roads to Protest Extradition Bill|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/11/world/asia/hong-kong-protest.html|access-date=14 May 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612020123/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/11/world/asia/hong-kong-protest.html|archive-date=12 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The new law identifies that those who are suspects of serious crimes could be sent to China.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Hong Kong's controversial extradition bill explained|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/06/explainer-hong-kong-controversial-extradition-bill-190610101120416.html|last=Mayberry|first=Kate|date=11 June 2019|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=14 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516052238/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/06/explainer-hong-kong-controversial-extradition-bill-190610101120416.html|archive-date=16 May 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> This was initiated due to a murder suspect fleeing from Taiwan to Hong Kong in 2018.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Li|first=Jeff|date=13 December 2019|title=Hong Kong-China extradition plans explained|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-47810723|access-date=14 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614142519/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-47810723|archive-date=14 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> He was accused of murdering his pregnant 20 year old girlfriend, thus Hong Kong authorities were asked by Taiwan to extradite the man. Hong Kong, however, did not concur with this demand and could not prosecute him as Hong Kong does not have any form of an extradition agreement with Taiwan.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Murder suspect whose alleged crime sparked Hong Kong protests walks free|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/23/asia/hong-kong-taiwan-murder-intl-hnk/index.html|first=James|last=Griffiths|website=CNN|date=23 October 2019|access-date=14 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105163912/https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/23/asia/hong-kong-taiwan-murder-intl-hnk/index.html|archive-date=5 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In terms of the Extradition Law, it was claimed that decisions would be made on a "case-by-case basis by the Chief Executive", in addition to Hong Kong courts making final decisions on extradition requests.<ref name=":1" /> For this reason, those accused of crimes based on politics or religion would not be extradited, and the new law would purely be "dealing with cross border crimes and transnational crimes" that carries a minimum seven-years sentence, as [[Carrie Lam]] stated in her speech on Monday 10 June.<ref name=":1" /> However, many Hong Kong people claim that this is another example of Hong Kong losing its autonomy.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> There has been criticism that this law would mean that suspects would be susceptible to many practices under the Chinese judicial system that is not present in the Hong Kong judicial system: arbitrary detention, unfair trial and torture.<ref name=":1" /> Michael DeGolyer, a researcher at Baptist University of Hong Kong, told Al Jazeera that Hong Kong people fear lack of judicial independence as the current judiciary system "is seen as guaranteeing a measure of protection from the government on the mainland".<ref name=":0" />

There has been a widespread response opposing the law: nationally and internationally. Criticism, petitions and protests have incorporated many parts of society, including doctors, lawyers, teachers and housewives.<ref name=":1" /> On 9 June there were an estimated one million people protesting across Hong Kong, making it the biggest protest since the handover.<ref name=":0" /> Additionally, concern was displayed internationally: in Britain, Canada, the European Union and the United States.<ref name=":1" /> The US congressional commission argued in May 2019 that the extradition bill makes "Hong Kong more susceptible to China's political coercion and further erodes Hong Kong's autonomy".<ref name=":1" /> China's foreign ministry has rebutted these concerns by claiming them "attempts to politicise the Hong Kong government proposal and interference in China's internal affairs".<ref name=":1" />

Due to this negative response nationally and internationally, on 4 September 2019, Carrie Lam formally announced that the extradition bill would be withdrawn.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hong Kong leader withdraws extradition bill, sets up platform to examine protest causes|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3025641/hong-kong-leader-carrie-lam-announce-formal-withdrawal|date=4 September 2019|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=14 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904112228/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3025641/hong-kong-leader-carrie-lam-announce-formal-withdrawal|archive-date=4 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite this, fear of the loss of Hong Kong autonomy remains. Protests continued until the outbreak of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong|COVID-19 pandemic]] in January 2020, and are predicted to continue once the pandemic is under control in Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite web|title=As coronavirus crisis starts to pass, Hong Kong may be set for another summer of discontent|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/20/asia/hong-kong-protests-coronavirus-intl-hnk/index.html|first=James|last=Griffiths|website=CNN|date=21 April 2020 |access-date=14 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422124907/https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/20/asia/hong-kong-protests-coronavirus-intl-hnk/index.html|archive-date=22 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Needs update|date=July 2024}}

=== 2020 national security legislation ===
{{Main|National People's Congress Decision on Hong Kong national security legislation}}
A draft national security bill was submitted on 22 May 2020 to China's national parliament, the National People's Congress.<ref>{{Cite web|title='The end of Hong Kong': Experts say China's push to pass strict national security laws further erodes the city's autonomy|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/china-national-security-laws-hong-kong-article-23-explainer-2020-5|last=Perper|first=Rosie|date=23 May 2020|website=Business Insider Australia|language=en|access-date=23 May 2020|archive-date=26 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126050951/https://www.businessinsider.com.au/china-national-security-laws-hong-kong-article-23-explainer-2020-5|url-status=live}}</ref> In accordance with the one country, two systems formula, Hong Kong's basic law requires the Hong Kong legislature to ratify national security to prevent sedition, secession and foreign interference.<ref name=":8" /> The Chinese central government is now bypassing the HKSAR to directly legislate.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/22/why-reassertion-of-xi-jinping-authority-spells-violence-in-hong-kong-sedition-legislation|title=Why reassertion of Xi Jinping's authority spells violence in Hong Kong|first=Lily|last=Kuo|newspaper=The Guardian|date=22 May 2020|via=www.theguardian.com|access-date=23 May 2020|archive-date=23 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523183112/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/22/why-reassertion-of-xi-jinping-authority-spells-violence-in-hong-kong-sedition-legislation|url-status=live}}</ref> A National People's Congress official reported as saying it was exercising "constitutional power" to create a new legal framework and enforcement mechanism to guarantee national security in Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Knockout blow': China plans controversial new national security legislation for Hong Kong|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-05-22/china-to-propose-national-security-legislation-for-hong-kong/12274202|date=21 May 2020|website=www.abc.net.au|language=en-AU|access-date=23 May 2020|archive-date=23 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523070610/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-05-22/china-to-propose-national-security-legislation-for-hong-kong/12274202|url-status=live}}</ref> On 30 June 2020, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC) passed the national security law for Hong Kong unanimously and listed it under Annex III of the Basic Law, bypassing Hong Kong approval. The Hong Kong Bar Association (HKBA) disputed the constitutionality of enacting the law through inclusion in Annex III of the Basic Law in May 2020.<ref name="hkba-25-may">{{Cite web|date=25 May 2020|title=Statement of the Hong Kong Bar Association on proposal of National People's Congress to enact National Security Law in Hong Kong|url=https://www.hkba.org/sites/default/files/20200525%20-%20Proposal%20of%20National%20People%27s%20Congress%20to%20enact%20National%20Security%20Law%20in%20Hong%20Kong%20%28E%29.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525134948/https://www.hkba.org/sites/default/files/20200525%20-%20Proposal%20of%20National%20People%27s%20Congress%20to%20enact%20National%20Security%20Law%20in%20Hong%20Kong%20%28E%29.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2020|access-date=25 May 2020|website=Hong Kong Bar Association}}</ref>

On 30 May 2020, the [[president of the United States]], [[Donald J. Trump]], in a [[White House]] press conference, officially declared that the United States would be ending special treatments afforded to Hong Kong as outlined in the [[United States-Hong Kong Policy Act]], due to China replacing the promised formula of "one country, two systems" with "one country, one system",<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Remarks by President Trump on Actions Against China|url=https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-actions-china/|last=Trump|first=Donald John|date=30 May 2020|website=WH.gov|language=en|access-date=30 May 2020|archive-date=20 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120200626/https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-actions-china/|url-status=live}}</ref> and threatened that the United States would take further actions on Hong Kong in response to the national security law. On 14 July 2020, President Trump signed [[Executive Order 13936]], pursuant to the [[Hong Kong Autonomy Act]] passed by the US Congress, ending Hong Kong's special trade privileges.

According to Victoria Tin-bor Hui, writing in ''[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]'', the national security legislation is being used to erode civil and legal protections on the way to "establishing a [[police state]]" in Hong Kong.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tin-bor Hui |first1=Victoria |title=Hong Kong's New Police State |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/05/hong-kongs-new-police-state/ |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=The Diplomat |access-date=20 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184905/https://thediplomat.com/2021/05/hong-kongs-new-police-state/ |url-status=live }}</ref>