Editing Oak Ridge National Laboratory (section)

===High-performance computing===
[[File:Summit supercomputer (44552257460).jpg|thumb|[[Summit (supercomputer)|Summit]], developed at ORNL, was the world's fastest [[supercomputer]] from November 2018 to June 2020.]]
ORNL has been the site of various [[supercomputer]]s, home to the fastest on several occasions.<ref name="ornlreview45">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/v45_3_12/Review_v45n3.pdf |title=ORNL Review Vol. 45 |last1=Brouner |first1=Jennifer |last2=McCorkle |first2=Morgan |year=2012 |publisher=Oak Ridge National Laboratory |page=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304012345/http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/v45_3_12/Review_v45n3.pdf |archive-date=March 4, 2013 |access-date=November 2, 2012 |last3=Pearce |first3=Jim |last4=Williams |first4=Leo }}</ref> In 1953, ORNL partnered with the [[Argonne National Laboratory]] to build [[ORACLE (computer)|ORACLE]] (Oak Ridge Automatic Computer and Logical Engine), a computer to research nuclear physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering.<ref name=timeline/><ref name=ornlreview45 /><ref name="BRL">{{Cite web |url=http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/BRL61-o.html#ORACLE |title=BRL Report 1961 |last=Weik |first=Martin H. |website=Army Project No. 5803-06-002 |publisher=Ballistic Research Laboratories |access-date=November 8, 2012}}</ref> ORACLE had 2048&nbsp;[[Word (computer architecture)|words]] (80&nbsp;[[Kibibit|Kibit]]) of [[Random-access memory|memory]] and took approximately 590&nbsp;microseconds to perform addition or multiplication of integers.<ref name=BRL /> In the 1960s ORNL was equipped with an [[IBM System/360|IBM 360/91]] and an IBM 360/65.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0x3BiWst3CMC |title=Thermal Transmission Measurements of Insulation: A Symposium |last=Tye |first=R.P. |publisher=American Society for Testing & Materials |year=1978 |isbn=978-0803105898 |page=314 |access-date=February 19, 2013}}</ref> In 1995 ORNL bought an [[Intel Paragon]] based computer called the ''Intel Paragon XP/S 150'' that performed at 154&nbsp;[[FLOPS|gigaFLOPS]] and ranked third on the [[TOP500]] list of supercomputers.<ref name=ornlreview45/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.top500.org/system/172576 |title=XP/S-MP 150 |publisher=[[TOP500]] |access-date=January 8, 2013}}</ref> In 2005 [[Jaguar (supercomputer)|Jaguar]] was built, a [[Cray XT3]]-based system that performed at 25&nbsp;teraFLOPS and received incremental upgrades up to the [[Cray XT5|XT5]] platform that performed at 2.3&nbsp;petaFLOPS in 2009. It was recognised as the world's fastest from November 2009 until November 2010.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.redorbit.com/news/technology/734453/jaguar_rises_on_top500_listing/ |title='Jaguar' Rises on TOP500 Listing |last=Dunlap |first=Darren |date=November 16, 2006 |work=Knoxville News-Sentinel |access-date=November 9, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://top500.org/lists/2009/11/press-release |title=ORNL's Jaguar Claws its Way to Number One |date=November 13, 2009 |publisher=[[TOP500]] |access-date=November 9, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120809021315/http://www.top500.org/lists/2009/11/press-release |archive-date=August 9, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Summit was built for Oak Ridge National Laboratory during 2018, which benchmarked at 122.3 petaFLOPS. As of June 2020, Summit was the world's second fastest [clocked] supercomputer with 202,752 CPU cores, 27,648 [[Nvidia Tesla|Nvidia Tesla GPUs]], and 250 Petabytes of storage, having lost the top position to the Japanese [[Fugaku (supercomputer)|Fugaku]] supercomputer.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.top500.org/lists/2018/06/ |title=June 2018 {{!}} TOP500 Supercomputer Sites |website=www.top500.org |language=en |access-date=October 31, 2018}}</ref> In May 2022, the ORNL [[Frontier (supercomputer)|Frontier]] system broke the exascale barrier,<ref>{{Cite web |title=ORNL's Frontier First to Break the Exaflop Ceiling {{!}} TOP500 |url=https://www.top500.org/news/ornls-frontier-first-to-break-the-exaflop-ceiling/ |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=www.top500.org}}</ref> achieving 1.102 exaflop/s using 8,730,112 cores.

Since 1992 the [[National Center for Computational Sciences|Center for Computational Sciences]] has overseen high performance computing at ORNL. It manages the [[Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility]] that contains the machines.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://computing.ornl.gov/nccs.shtml |title=National Center for Computational Sciences |publisher=Oak Ridge National Laboratory |access-date=January 19, 2013 |archive-date=January 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125203407/http://computing.ornl.gov/nccs.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2012, Jaguar was upgraded to the [[Cray XK7|XK7]] platform, a fundamental change as [[GPU]]s are used for the majority of processing, and renamed [[Titan (supercomputer)|Titan]]. Titan performed at 17.59&nbsp;petaFLOPS and held the number 1 spot on the TOP500 list for November 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.top500.org/blog/lists/2012/11/press-release/ |title=Oak Ridge Claims No. 1 Position on Latest [TOP500] List with Titan |date=November 12, 2012 |publisher=[[TOP500]] |access-date=November 15, 2012 |archive-date=January 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121075914/http://top500.org/blog/lists/2012/11/press-release/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other computers include a 77 node cluster to visualise data that the larger machines output in the ''Exploratory Visualization Environment for Research in Science and Technology'' (EVEREST), a visualisation room with a 10 by 3&nbsp;metre (30 by 10&nbsp;ft) wall that displays 35&nbsp;megapixel projections.<ref name="everest">{{Cite web |url=http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2013/jan/01/ornl-visualization-lab-gets-25m-makeover-adds-3d/ |title=ORNL visualization lab gets $2.5M makeover, adds 3D |last=Munger |first=Frank |date=January 1, 2013 |publisher=Knox News |access-date=September 1, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.olcf.ornl.gov/computing-resources/lens/ |title=Lens |publisher=[[Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility]] |access-date=January 19, 2013 |archive-date=January 2, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102044635/http://www.olcf.ornl.gov/computing-resources/lens/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Smoky is an 80 node Linux cluster used for application development. Research projects are refined and tested on Smoky before running on larger machines such as Titan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.olcf.ornl.gov/computing-resources/smoky/ |title=Smoky |publisher=[[Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility]] |access-date=January 19, 2013}}</ref>

In 1989 programmers at the Oak Ridge National Lab wrote the first version of [[Parallel Virtual Machine]] (PVM), software that enables [[distributed computing]] on machines of differing specifications.<ref>{{Cite web |url=ftp://ftp.jlab.org/pub/coda/docs/pdf/manuals/pvm_guide.pdf |title=PVM 3 User's Guide and Reference Manual |date=September 1994 |publisher=Oak Ridge National Laboratory |page=1 |access-date=November 10, 2012}}</ref> PVM is [[free software]] and has become the de facto standard for distributed computing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PVM: Parallel Virtual Machine |url=https://www.csm.ornl.gov/pvm/ |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=www.csm.ornl.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.csm.ornl.gov/pvm/ |title=PVM: Parallel Virtual Machine |date=December 5, 2011 |publisher=Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070321103208/http://www.parawiki.org/index.php?title=Parallel_Virtual_Machine&redirect=no |archive-date=March 21, 2007 |access-date=November 10, 2012 }}</ref> [[Jack Dongarra]] of ORNL and the [[University of Tennessee]] wrote the [[LINPACK]] software library and [[LINPACK benchmarks]], used to calculate [[linear algebra]] and the standard method of measuring floating point performance of a supercomputer as used by the TOP500 organisation.<ref name=ornlreview45/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.top500.org/project/linpack |title=The Linpack Benchmark |publisher=[[TOP500]] |access-date=November 10, 2012}}</ref>