Editing Oak (section)

==== Taxonomic history ====

The genus ''Quercus'' was [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribed]] by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in the first edition of his 1753 ''[[Species Plantarum]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pardo |first1=Francisco M. Vázquez |last2=Maqueda |first2=Soledad Ramos |last3=Pérez |first3=Esperanza Doncel |title=''Quercus ilex'' L. and ''Quercus rotundifolia'' Lam.: Two Different Species |journal=International Oaks |issue=13 |year=2002 |pages=9–14 |url=https://www.internationaloaksociety.org/sites/default/files//files/IO/IOS%20Journal%20%2313/International%20Oaks%20No.%2013%20-%20Quercus%20ilex%20L.%20and%20Quercus%20rotundifolia%20Lam.-%20Two%20Different%20Species%20-%20Franciso%20M.%20V%C3%A1zquez%20Pardo%2C%20Soledad%20Ramos%20Maqueda%2C%20Esperanza%20Doncel%20P%C3%A9rez.pdf}}</ref> He described 15 species within the new genus, providing type specimens for 10 of these, and giving names but no types for ''[[Quercus cerris|Q.&nbsp;cerris]]'', ''[[Quercus coccifera|Q.&nbsp;coccifera]]'', ''[[Quercus ilex|Q.&nbsp;ilex]]'', ''[[Quercus smilax|Q.&nbsp;smilax]]'', and ''[[Quercus suber|Q.&nbsp;suber]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Iamonico |first1=Duilio |last2=Peruzzi |first2=Lorenzo |title=Lectotypification of Linnaean Names in the Genus ''Quercus'' (Fagaceae) |journal=Taxon |volume=62 |issue=5 |year=2013 |pages=1041–1045 |doi=10.12705/625.5 |jstor=taxon.62.5.1041|bibcode=2013Taxon..62.1041I }}</ref> He chose ''[[Quercus robur|Q.&nbsp;robur]]'', the pedunculate oak, as the [[type species]] for the genus.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nixon |first1=Kevin C. |last2=Carpenter |first2=James M. |last3=Stevenson |first3=Dennis W. |title=The PhyloCode is fatally flawed, and the 'Linnaean' system can easily be fixed |journal=The Botanical Review |volume=69 |issue=1 |year=2003 |pages=111–120 |doi=10.1663/0006-8101(2003)069[0111:TPIFFA]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=43477057 |url=http://lamarck.unl.edu/systematics/papers-pdf/BotRev691_111-120.pdf}}</ref>

A 2017 classification of ''Quercus'', based on multiple molecular phylogenetic studies, divided the genus into two [[subgenera]] and eight [[Section (botany)|sections]]:<ref name=DenkGrimManoDeng17>{{Citation |last1=Denk |first1=Thomas |last2=Grimm |first2=Guido W. |last3=Manos |first3=Paul S. |last4=Deng |first4=Min |last5=Hipp |first5=Andrew L. |display-authors=3 |title=Oaks Physiological Ecology. Exploring the Functional Diversity of Genus ''Quercus'' L |series=Tree Physiology |date=2017 |volume=7 |editor1-last=Gil-Pelegrín |editor1-first=Eustaquio |editor2-last=Peguero-Pina |editor2-first=José Javier |editor3-last=Sancho-Knapik |editor3-first=Domingo |contribution=An Updated Infrageneric Classification of the Oaks: Review of Previous Taxonomic Schemes and Synthesis of Evolutionary Patterns |pages=13–38 |publication-place=Cham. |publisher=Springer International Publishing |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-69099-5_2 |isbn=978-3-319-69099-5 |contribution-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69099-5_2 |mode=cs1}}</ref>

*Subgenus ''Quercus'' – the New World clade (or high-latitude clade), mostly native to North America
**Section ''Lobatae'' <small>Loudon</small> – North American red oaks
**Section ''Protobalanus'' <small>(Trelease) O.Schwarz</small> – North American intermediate oaks
**Section ''Ponticae'' <small>Stef.</small> – with a [[disjunct distribution]] between western [[Eurasia]] and western North America
**Section ''Virentes'' <small>Loudon</small> – American southern live oaks
**Section ''Quercus'' – white oaks from North America and Eurasia
*Subgenus ''Cerris'' <small>Oerst.</small>  – the Old World clade (or mid-latitude clade), exclusively native to Eurasia
**Section ''Cyclobalanopsis'' <small>Oerst.</small> – cycle-cup oaks of East Asia
**Section ''Cerris'' <small>Dumort.</small> – cerris oaks of subtropical and temperate Eurasia and North Africa
**Section ''Ilex'' <small>Loudon</small> – ilex oaks of tropical and subtropical Eurasia and North Africa
<!--note --- these sections are clearly marked on the cladogram below-->

The subgenus division supports the evolutionary diversification of oaks among two distinct clades: the Old World clade (subgenus ''Cerris''), including oaks that diversified in Eurasia; and the New World clade (subgenus ''Quercus''), oaks that diversified mainly in the Americas.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Manos |first1=Paul S. |last2=Zhou |first2=Zhe-Kun |last3=Cannon |first3=Charles H. |year=2001 |title=Systematics of Fagaceae: Phylogenetic Tests of Reproductive Trait Evolution |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |volume=162 |issue=6 |pages=1361–1379 |doi=10.1086/322949 |jstor=10.1086/322949 |bibcode=2001IJPlS.162.1361M |s2cid=85925622}}</ref><ref name="Manos Hipp 2021">{{cite journal |last1=Manos |first1=Paul S. |last2=Hipp |first2=Andrew L. |title=An Updated Infrageneric Classification of the North American Oaks (''Quercus'' Subgenus ''Quercus''): Review of the Contribution of Phylogenomic Data to Biogeography and Species Diversity |journal=Forests |publisher=MDPI AG |volume=12 |issue=6 |date=2021-06-15 |issn=1999-4907 |doi=10.3390/f12060786 |page=786 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Fore...12..786M }}</ref>