Editing Norway (section)

===Later modern period===
{{Main|United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway}}
{{See also|Norway in 1814|label 1=Norwegian protectorate|Norwegian romantic nationalism}}

[[File:Eidsvoll riksraad 1814.jpeg|thumb|The 1814 constitutional assembly, painted by [[Oscar Wergeland]]]]

After Denmark–Norway was attacked by the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] at the 1807 [[Battle of Copenhagen (1807)|Battle of Copenhagen]], it entered into an alliance with [[Napoleon]], with the war leading to dire conditions and mass [[starvation]] in 1812. As the Danish kingdom was on the losing side in 1814, it was forced by the [[Treaty of Kiel]] to cede Norway to Sweden, while the old Norwegian provinces of Iceland, Greenland, and the Faroe Islands remained with the Danish crown.<ref>[[Treaty of Kiel]], 14 January 1814.</ref> Norway took this opportunity to declare independence, adopted a constitution based on [[United States Constitution|American]] and [[Constitution of France|French]] models, and elected the Crown Prince of Denmark and Norway, [[Christian VIII of Denmark|Christian Frederick]], as king on 17 May 1814 &ndash; celebrated as the [[Norwegian Constitution Day|Syttende mai]] (Seventeenth of May) holiday.

Norwegian opposition to the decision to link Norway with Sweden caused the [[Swedish–Norwegian War (1814)|Norwegian–Swedish War]] to break out as Sweden tried to subdue Norway by military means. As Sweden's military was not strong enough to defeat the Norwegian forces outright, and Norway's treasury was not large enough to support a protracted war, and as British and Russian navies blockaded the Norwegian coast,<ref>{{cite book|last = Nicolson|first = Harold|title = The Congress of Vienna; a study in allied unity, 1812–1822|publisher = Constable & co. ltd|year = 1946|page =295|quote=The British Government sought to overcome this reluctance by assisting Russia in blockading the coast of Norway}}</ref> the belligerents were forced to negotiate the [[Convention of Moss]]. Christian Frederik abdicated the Norwegian throne and authorised the [[Parliament of Norway]] to make the necessary constitutional amendments to allow for the [[personal union]] that Norway was forced to accept. On 4 November 1814, the Parliament (Storting) elected [[Charles XIII of Sweden]] as king of Norway, thereby establishing the [[Union between Sweden and Norway|union with Sweden]].<ref>[[#Larsen|Larsen]], p. 572.</ref> Under this arrangement, Norway kept its liberal constitution and its own independent institutions, though it shared a monarch and foreign policy with Sweden. Following the recession caused by the [[Napoleonic Wars]], economic development of Norway remained slow until 1830.<ref>[[#Larsen|Larsen]], p. 423.</ref>

This period also saw the rise of [[Norwegian romantic nationalism]], as Norwegians sought to define and express a distinct national character. The movement covered all branches of culture, including literature ([[Henrik Wergeland]], [[Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson]], [[Peter Christen Asbjørnsen]], [[Jørgen Moe]]), painting ([[Hans Gude]], [[Adolph Tidemand]]), music ([[Edvard Grieg]]), and even language policy, where attempts to define a native written language for Norway led to today's two official written forms for Norwegian: [[Bokmål]] and [[Nynorsk]].

[[Charles XIV John of Sweden|King Charles III John]] came to the throne of Norway and Sweden in 1818 and reigned to 1844. He protected the constitution and liberties of Norway and Sweden during the age of [[Klemens Wenzel, Prince von Metternich|Metternich]].{{POV statement|Added WP:NPOV tag|date=September 2022}} As such, he was regarded as a liberal monarch. However, he was ruthless in his use of paid informers, secret police and restrictions on the freedom of the press to put down public movements for reform—especially the Norwegian national independence movement.<ref>Franklin D. Scott, ''Sweden: the Nation's History'' ([[University of Minnesota Press]]: Minneapolis, 1977) p. 380.</ref>

The [[Romanticism|Romantic Era]] that followed the reign of Charles III John brought some significant social and political reforms. In 1854, women won the right to inherit property. In 1863, the last trace of keeping unmarried women in the status of minors was removed. Furthermore, women were eligible for different occupations, particularly the common school teacher.<ref>[[#Larsen|Larsen]], p. 432.</ref> By mid-century, Norway's democracy was limited; voting was limited to officials, property owners, leaseholders and burghers of incorporated towns.<ref>[[#Larsen|Larsen]], p. 431.</ref>

[[File:Saami Family 1900.jpg|thumb|A [[Sámi people|Sámi]] family in Norway, {{circa|1900}}]]

Norway remained a conservative society. Life in Norway (especially economic life) was "dominated by the aristocracy of professional men who filled most of the important posts in the central government".<ref>[[#Larsen|Larsen]], p. 412.</ref> There was no strong bourgeois class to demand a breakdown of this aristocratic control.<ref name="Marx Engels">See "The Civil War in Switzerland" by Frederick Engels contained in Marx & Engels, ''Collected Works: Volume 6'' (International Publishers, New York, 1976) p. 368.</ref> Thus, even while revolution swept over most of the countries of Europe in 1848, Norway was largely unaffected.<ref name="Marx Engels"/>

[[Marcus Thrane]] was a [[Utopian socialism|Utopian socialist]] who in 1848 organised a labour society in [[Drammen (town)|Drammen]]. In just a few months, this society had a membership of 500 and was publishing its own newspaper. Within two years, 300 societies had been organised all over Norway, with a total membership of 20,000 drawn from the lower classes of both urban and rural areas.<ref>[[#Larsen|Larsen]], p. 433.</ref> In the end, the revolt was easily crushed; Thrane was captured and jailed.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/593569/Marcus-Moller-Thrane|title=Marcus Møller Thrane – Norwegian journalist and socialist|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=11 April 2024|access-date=23 June 2022|archive-date=9 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009230514/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/593569/Marcus-Moller-Thrane|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1898, all men were granted [[universal suffrage]], followed by all [[Women's suffrage|women]] in 1913.