Editing Nintendo (section)

==== 1988–1992: Game Boy and Super Nintendo Entertainment System ====<!-- 4th generation of video game consoles -->
{{Further|Game Boy#History|Super Nintendo Entertainment System#History|label1=History of Game Boy|label2=History of Super Nintendo Entertainment System}}

{{Multiple image
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| footer = The [[Game Boy]] and [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System|Super NES]]
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In 1988, Gunpei Yokoi and his team at [[Nintendo Research & Development 1|Nintendo R&D1]] conceived the [[Game Boy]], the first handheld video game console made by Nintendo. Nintendo released the Game Boy in 1989. In North America, the Game Boy was bundled with the popular third-party game ''[[Tetris]]'' after a difficult negotiation process with [[Elektronorgtechnica]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Hoad |first=Phil |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2014/jun/02/how-we-made-tetris |title=''Tetris'': how we made the addictive computer game &#124; Culture |newspaper=The Guardian |date=2 June 2014 |access-date=5 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621140034/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2014/jun/02/how-we-made-tetris |archive-date=21 June 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Game Boy was a significant success. In its first two weeks of sale in Japan, its initial inventory of 300,000 units sold out, and in the United States, an additional 40,000 units were sold on its first day of distribution.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fahs|first=Travis|title=IGN Presents the History of Game Boy |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2009/07/27/ign-presents-the-history-of-game-boy?page=2 |work=IGN|date=27 July 2009|publisher=IGN Entertainment, Inc.|access-date=2 October 2013|page=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504001541/http://www.ign.com/articles/2009/07/27/ign-presents-the-history-of-game-boy?page=2|archive-date=4 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Around this time, Nintendo entered an agreement with [[Sony]] to develop the [[Super NES CD-ROM|Super Famicom CD-ROM Adapter]], a peripheral for the upcoming [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System|Super Famicom]] capable of playing [[CD-ROM]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/farewell-father-article |title=Farewell, Father |last=Fahey| first=Rob |date=27 April 2007 |work=Eurogamer.net |access-date=8 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817080000/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/farewell-father-article |archive-date=17 August 2012 }}</ref> However, the collaboration did not last as Yamauchi preferred to continue developing the technology with [[Philips]], which would result in the [[CD-i]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/03/business/nintendo-philips-deal-is-a-slap-at-sony.html |title=Nintendo-Philips Deal Is a Slap at Sony |last=Shapiro |first=Eben |newspaper=The New York Times |date=3 June 1991 |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=7 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407073804/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/03/business/nintendo-philips-deal-is-a-slap-at-sony.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and Sony's independent efforts resulted in the creation of the [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation console]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamedeveloper.com/business/birthday-memories-sony-playstation-turns-15 |title=Birthday Memories: Sony PlayStation Turns 15 |last=Nutt |first=Christian |work=Gamasutra |access-date=8 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110214003424/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/6122/birthday_memories_sony_.php?print=1 |archive-date=14 February 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The first issue of ''[[Nintendo Power]]'' magazine, which had an annual circulation of 1.5&nbsp;million copies in the United States, was published in 1988.<ref name="1990BuyersGuide">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.video-game-ephemera.com/image/019.pdf |title=State of the Industry |magazine=The Official 1990 World of Nintendo Buyers Guide |pages=4–7 |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108132135/http://www.video-game-ephemera.com/image/019.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> In July 1989, Nintendo held the first [[Nintendo Space World]] [[Trade fair|trade show]] with the name ''Shoshinkai'' to announce and demonstrate upcoming Nintendo products.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chrismcovell.com/secret/SFC_1989Q3.html|title=Japanese Secrets!|work=chrismcovell.com|access-date=9 January 2017|archive-date=22 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122091724/http://www.chrismcovell.com/secret/SFC_1989Q3.html|url-status=live}}</ref> That year, the first World of Nintendo [[store-within-a-store|stores-within-a-store]], which carried official Nintendo merchandise, were opened in the United States. According to company information, more than 25% of homes in the United States had an NES in 1989.<ref name="1990BuyersGuide"/>

In the late 1980s, Nintendo's dominance slipped with the appearance of [[NEC]]'s [[TurboGrafx-16|PC Engine]] and [[Sega]]'s [[Sega Genesis|Mega Drive]], [[16-bit computing|16-bit]] game consoles with improved graphics and audio compared to the NES.{{Sfn|Kent|2001|pp=413–414}} In response to the competition, Uemura designed the [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System|Super Famicom]], which launched in 1990. The first batch of 300,000 consoles sold out in hours.{{Sfn|Kent|2001|pp=422–431}} The following year, as with the NES, Nintendo distributed a modified version of the Super Famicom to the United States market, titled the Super Nintendo Entertainment System.{{Sfn|Kent|2001|pp=432}} Launch games for the Super Famicom and Super NES include ''[[Super Mario World]]'', ''[[F-Zero (video game)|F-Zero]]'', ''[[Pilotwings (video game)|Pilotwings]]'', ''[[SimCity (1989 video game)|SimCity]]'', and ''[[Gradius III]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1up.com/features/launch-wii |title=Out to Launch: Wii |first=Jeremy |last=Parish |date=14 November 2006 |website=1UP.com |access-date=3 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804230313/http://www.1up.com/features/launch-wii |archive-date=4 August 2011}}</ref> By mid-1992, over 46&nbsp;million Super Famicom and Super NES consoles had been sold.<ref name="Nintendo History" /> The console's life cycle lasted until 1999 in the United States,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnet.com/news/does-the-xbox-360s-lack-of-longevity-matter/ |title=Does the Xbox 360's 'Lack of Longevity' Matter? |first=Don | last=Reisinger |website=[[CNET]] |date=21 January 2009 |access-date=23 October 2015 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208132920/http://www.cnet.com/news/does-the-xbox-360s-lack-of-longevity-matter/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and until 2003 in Japan.<ref name="FamicomEnd"/>

In March 1990, the first [[Nintendo World Championships|Nintendo World Championship]] was held, with participants from 29 American cities competing for the title of "best Nintendo player in the world".<ref name="1990BuyersGuide"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2015/05/13/the-story-of-the-first-nintendo-world-championships |title=The Story of the First Nintendo World Championships – IGN |last=Cifaldi |first=Frank |work=[[IGN]] |date=13 May 2015 |access-date=9 November 2015 |archive-date=3 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303042039/http://www.ign.com/articles/2015/05/13/the-story-of-the-first-nintendo-world-championships |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 1990, the subsidiary Nintendo of Europe was opened in [[Großostheim]], Germany; in 1993, subsequent subsidiaries were established in the Netherlands (where [[Bandai]] had previously distributed Nintendo's products), France, the United Kingdom, Spain, Belgium, and Australia.<ref name="Nintendo History" /> In 1992, Nintendo acquired a majority stake in the [[Seattle Mariners]] baseball team, and sold most of its shares in 2016.<ref>{{citation |url=http://crosscut.com/2016/07/new-owner-could-mean-mean-quick-changes-for-seattle-mariners/ |title=New owner could mean quick changes for Seattle Mariners |first=Art |last=Thiel |date=5 July 2016 |work=crosscut.com |access-date=27 July 2016 |archive-date=15 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815190304/http://crosscut.com/2016/07/new-owner-could-mean-mean-quick-changes-for-seattle-mariners/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-04-27/nintendo-to-sell-stake-in-mariners-to-mobile-phone-mogul-stanton |date=28 April 2016 |first1=Peter |last1=Robinson |first2=Rob |last2=Golum |work=www.bloomberg.com |title=Nintendo to Sell Mariners Stake to Stanton Ownership Group |access-date=10 March 2017 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008023614/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-04-27/nintendo-to-sell-stake-in-mariners-to-mobile-phone-mogul-stanton |url-status=live }}</ref> On July 31, 1992, Nintendo of America announced it would cease manufacturing arcade games and systems.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/cashbox56unse_0/page/28/mode/1up|title=Nintendo Will No Longer Produce Coin-Op Equipment|publisher=[[Cashbox (magazine)|Cashbox]]|date=5 September 1992|access-date=10 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/cashbox56unse_1/page/29/mode/1up|title=Nintendo Stops Games Manufacturing; But Will Continue Supplying Software|publisher=[[Cashbox (magazine)|Cashbox]]|date=12 September 1992|access-date=10 December 2019}}</ref> In 1993, ''[[Star Fox (1993 video game)|Star Fox]]'' was released, which marked an industry milestone by being the first video game to make use of the [[Super FX]] chip.<ref name="Nintendo History" />

The proliferation of graphically violent video games, such as ''[[Mortal Kombat (1992 video game)|Mortal Kombat]]'', caused controversy and led to the creation of the [[Entertainment Software Association|Interactive Digital Software Association]] and the [[Entertainment Software Rating Board]], in whose development Nintendo collaborated during 1994. These measures also encouraged Nintendo to abandon the content guidelines it had enforced since the release of the NES.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.1up.com/features/15-years-snes?pager.offset=1 |title=Purple Reign: 15 Years of the SNES |first=Ray |last=Barnholt |date=4 August 2006 |website=1UP.com |page=2 |access-date=14 June 2007 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017223658/http://www.1up.com/features/15-years-snes?pager.offset=1 |archive-date=17 October 2012}}</ref>{{Sfn|Kent|2001|pp=461–480}} Commercial strategies implemented by Nintendo during this time include the [[Nintendo Gateway System]], an in-flight entertainment service available for airlines, cruise ships and hotels,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tedium.co/2017/02/23/in-flight-entertainment-system-history/ |title=In-Flight Entertainment System History: Are You Not Entertained? |website=Tedium |last=Smith |first=Ernie |date=23 February 2017 |access-date=11 June 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418192745/https://tedium.co/2017/02/23/in-flight-entertainment-system-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the "Play It Loud!" advertising campaign for Game Boys with different-colored casings. The Advanced Computer Modeling graphics used in ''[[Donkey Kong Country]]'' for the Super NES and ''[[Donkey Kong Land]]'' for the Game Boy were technologically innovative, as was the [[Satellaview]] [[satellite modem]] peripheral for the Super Famicom, which allowed the digital transmission of data via a [[communications satellite]] in space.<ref name="Nintendo History" />

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