Editing Newfoundland and Labrador (section)

==== European contact ====
[[File:Beothuk camp.jpg|thumb|A [[Beothuk]] encampment in Newfoundland, {{circa|18th century}}]]

The oldest confirmed accounts of European contact date from a thousand years ago as described in the [[Viking]] (Norse) [[Icelandic Sagas]]. Around the year 1001, the sagas refer to [[Leif Erikson]] landing in three places to the west,<ref name="Pálsson 1965 28">{{cite book
| last = Pálsson
| first = Hermann
| title = The Vinland sagas: the Norse discovery of America
| publisher = Penguin Classics
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=m-4rb_GhQ5EC&morning&pg=PA28
| page = 28
| year = 1965
| isbn = 978-0-14-044154-3
| access-date = April 15, 2010
| archive-date = August 12, 2021
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210812210827/https://books.google.com/books?id=m-4rb_GhQ5EC&q=The%20Vinland%20sagas%3A%20the%20Norse%20discovery%20of%20America&pg=PA28
| url-status = live
}}</ref> the first two being [[Helluland]] (possibly [[Baffin Island]]) and [[Markland]] (possibly [[Labrador]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sagadb.org/eiriks_saga_rauda.en|title=Eiríks saga rauða |trans-title=The Saga of Erik the Red|year=1880|translator-first1=J.|translator-last1=Sephton|publisher=Icelandic Saga Database|access-date=August 11, 2010|archive-date=May 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504211747/http://sagadb.org/eiriks_saga_rauda.en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga">{{cite web|url=http://www.mnh.si.edu/vikings/voyage/subset/markland/history.html|title=Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga|publisher=National Museum of Natural History, Arctic Studies Centre- (Smithsonian Institution)|year=2008|access-date=August 11, 2010|archive-date=December 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224040949/http://www.mnh.si.edu/vikings/voyage/subset/markland/history.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|title=Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail Or Succeed
|first=Jared M
|last=Diamond
|url=https://archive.org/details/collapse00jare
|url-access=registration
|quote=Vikings Settle Helluland Markland.
|page=[https://archive.org/details/collapse00jare/page/207 207]
|year= 2006
|publisher=Penguin Books
|isbn= 978-0-14-303655-5
|access-date=April 16, 2010}}</ref> Leif's third landing was at a place he called [[Vinland]] (possibly Newfoundland).<ref>{{cite web|title=Was Vinland in Newfoundland?|url=http://www.capecod.net/~nmgood/|first=Einar|last=Haugen|publisher=Originally published in Proceedings of the Eighth Viking Congress, Arhus (August 24–31, 1977). Republished [[University Press of Southern Denmark|Odense University Press]], 1981|date=1977|editor1-first=Hans|editor1-last=Bekker-Nielsen|editor2-first=Peter|editor2-last=Foote|editor3-first=Olaf|editor3-last=Olsen|access-date=June 21, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010515202742/http://www.capecod.net/~nmgood/|archive-date=May 15, 2001|url-status=dead}}</ref> Archaeological evidence of a Norse settlement was found in [[L'Anse aux Meadows]], [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]], which was declared a [[World Heritage Site]] by [[UNESCO]] in 1978.<ref>{{cite web|title=L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/4|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre (United Nations)|year=2010|access-date=April 15, 2010|archive-date=June 16, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060616164041/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/4|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| title = L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site of Canada
| publisher = Parks Canada
| year = 2007
| url = http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhn-nhs/nl/meadows/index_e.asp
| access-date = April 15, 2010
| archive-date = December 16, 2008
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081216063635/http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhn-nhs/nl/meadows/index_E.asp
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

There are several other unconfirmed accounts of European discovery and exploration, one tale of men from the [[Channel Islands]] being blown off course in the late 15th century into a strange land full of fish,<ref>{{cite web |last1=LE MESSURIER |first1=H. W. |title=THE EARLY RELATIONS BETWEEN NEWFOUNDLAND AND THE CHANNEL ISLANDS |url=https://archive.org/stream/jstor-207514/207514_djvu.txt |date=December 1916 |publisher=Geographical Review}}</ref> and another from Portuguese maps that depict the [[Terra do Bacalhau]], or land of [[cod]]fish, west of the [[Azores]]. The earliest, though, is the [[Brendan the Navigator|Voyage of Saint Brendan]], the fantastical account of an Irish monk who made a sea voyage in the early 6th century. While the story became a part of myth and legend, some historians believe it is based on fact.<ref name="Timothy Severin 1977 p. 768–97"/><ref name="Tim Severin 1978"/><ref name="voices.nationalgeographic.com"/>
[[File:Bonavista Cabot 2.jpg|thumb|A statue of [[John Cabot]] at [[Cape Bonavista]]. The cape is officially cited as the area where Cabot landed in 1497, by the governments of Canada, and the United Kingdom.{{clarify |reason=muddled grammar makes meaning unclear|date=September 2019}}]]
In 1496, [[John Cabot]] obtained a charter from English [[King Henry VII]] to "sail to all parts, countries and seas of the East, the West and of the North, under our banner and ensign and to set up our banner on any new-found-land" and on June 24, 1497, landed in [[Cape Bonavista]]. Historians disagree on whether Cabot landed in [[Nova Scotia]] in 1497 or in Newfoundland, or possibly Maine, if he landed at all, but the governments of Canada and the United Kingdom recognise Bonavista as being Cabot's "official" landing place. In 1499 and 1500, Portuguese mariners [[João Fernandes Lavrador]] and [[Pero de Barcelos]] explored and mapped the coast, the former's name appearing as "Labrador" on topographical maps of the period.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vtZtMBLJ7GgC&q=The%20name%20%22Labrador%22%20and%20Jo%C3%A3o%20Fernandes%20Lavrador&pg=PA464 |title=Foundations of the Portuguese empire |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |author1=Bailey W. Diffie |author2=George D. Winius |name-list-style=amp |page=464 |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-8166-0782-2 |access-date=August 13, 2010 |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813214351/https://books.google.com/books?id=vtZtMBLJ7GgC&q=The%20name%20%22Labrador%22%20and%20Jo%C3%A3o%20Fernandes%20Lavrador&pg=PA464 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Based on the [[Treaty of Tordesillas]], the [[List of Portuguese monarchs|Portuguese Crown]] claimed it had territorial rights in the area [[John Cabot]] visited in 1497 and 1498.<ref>{{cite web|title=John Cabot's voyage of 1498|url=http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/cabot1498.html|publisher=Memorial University of Newfoundland (Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage)|year=2000|access-date=April 12, 2010|archive-date=August 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805084234/http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/cabot1498.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Subsequently, in 1501 and 1502, the [[Corte-Real family|Corte-Real brothers]], [[Miguel Corte-Real|Miguel]] and [[Gaspar Corte-Real|Gaspar]], explored Newfoundland and Labrador, claiming them as part of the [[Portuguese Empire]].<ref name=joao>{{cite DCB |first=L.-A. |last=Vigneras |title=Corte-Real, Miguel |volume=1 |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/corte_real_miguel_1E.html |access-date=April 12, 2010}}</ref><ref name=Bailey>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vtZtMBLJ7GgC&q=The%20name%20%22Labrador%22%20and%20Jo%C3%A3o%20Fernandes%20Lavrador&pg=PA464|title=Foundations of the Portuguese empire|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|first1=Bailey W|last1=Diffie|first2=George D|last2=Winius|pages=464–465|year=1977|isbn=978-0-8166-0782-2|access-date=August 13, 2010|archive-date=August 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813214351/https://books.google.com/books?id=vtZtMBLJ7GgC&q=The%20name%20%22Labrador%22%20and%20Jo%C3%A3o%20Fernandes%20Lavrador&pg=PA464|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1506, king [[Manuel I of Portugal]] created taxes for the cod fisheries in Newfoundland waters.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sixteenth century North America : the land and the people as seen by the Europeans|last=Sauer |first=Carl Ortwin |date=1971|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-01854-9|location=Berkeley|oclc=215780}}</ref> [[João Álvares Fagundes]] and [[Pero de Barcelos]] established seasonal fishing outposts in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia around 1521, and older Portuguese settlements may have existed.<ref>{{cite book
|title=Chronology of world history: a calendar of principal events from 3000 BC to..
|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield
|year=1975
|page=387
|isbn=978-0-87471-765-5
|author=Freeman-Grenville}}</ref> 

By the time regular European contact with Newfoundland began in the early 16th century, the Beothuk were the only Indigenous group living permanently on the island.<ref name="Marshall"/> Unlike other groups in the Northeastern area of the Americas, the [[Beothuk]] never established sustained trading relations with European settlers. Their interactions were sporadic, and they largely attempted to avoid contact.<ref name="Beothuk Eve of Extinction">{{cite journal|last1=Holly|first1=Donald H. Jr.|title=The Beothuk on the Eve of Their Extinction|journal=Arctic Anthropology|date=2000|volume=37|issue=1|pages=79–95|pmid=17722364}}</ref> The establishment of English fishing operations on the outer coastline of the island, and their later expansion into bays and inlets, cut off access for the Beothuk to their traditional sources of food.<ref name="Timothy Severin 1977 p. 768–97">Timothy Severin, "The Voyage of the 'Brendan'", ''National Geographic Magazine'', 152: 6 (December 1977), p. 768–97.</ref><ref name="Tim Severin 1978">Tim Severin, ''The Brendan Voyage: A Leather Boat Tracks the Discovery of America by the Irish Sailor Saints'', McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1978, {{ISBN|0-07-056335-7}}.</ref><ref name="voices.nationalgeographic.com">Tim Severin, "Atlantic Navigators:  The Brendan Voyage", 2005 presentation at Gresham College, [https://web.archive.org/web/20150210223018/http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2013/05/16/did-st-brendan-reach-north-america-500-years-before-the-vikings/ video posted on ''National Geographic Voices'' by Andrew Howley May 16, 2013].</ref>

In the 18th century, as the Beothuk were driven further inland by these encroachments, violence between Beothuk and settlers escalated, with each retaliating against the other in their competition for resources. By the early 19th century, violence, starvation, and exposure to [[tuberculosis]] had decimated the Beothuk population, and they were extinct by 1829.<ref name="Marshall"/>

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