Editing New Amsterdam (section)

==Cartography==
[[File:Castelloplan.jpg|thumb|Redraft of the Castello Plan, drawn in 1916]]

The beginnings of New Amsterdam, unlike most other colonies in the New World, were thoroughly documented in [[city map]]s. During the time of New Netherland's colonization, the Dutch were the pre-eminent cartographers in Europe. The delegated authority of the Dutch West India Company over New Netherland required maintaining sovereignty on behalf of the States General, generating cash flow through commercial enterprise for its shareholders, and funding the province's growth. Thus its directors regularly required that censuses be taken. These tools to measure and monitor the province's progress were accompanied by accurate maps and plans. These surveys, as well as grassroots activities to seek redress of grievances,<ref name="de Koning"/> account for the existence of some of the most important of the early documents.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070225022424/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1026/is_n3_v148/ai_17474081 Robert Augustyn, "Maps in the making of Manhattan" ''Magazine Antiques'', September 1995]. Retrieved December 15, 2005.</ref>

There is a particularly detailed city map called the [[Castello Plan]] produced in 1660. Virtually every structure in New Amsterdam at the time is believed to be represented, and by cross-referencing the ''Nicasius de Sille List'' of 1660, which enumerates all the citizens of New Amsterdam and their addresses, it can be determined who resided in every house.<ref>Several reproductions of the Castello plan can be found on-line: {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090708133154/http://www.nnp.org/vtour/regions/Manhattan/castello.html New Netherland Project]}}, [http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchdetail.cfm?strucID=118555&imageID=54682&k=4&print=small New York Public Library], [[commons:File:CastelloPlanOriginal.jpg|Wikimedia Commons]]. Colored versions from 1916 can be found here: [https://web.archive.org/web/20040825235638/http://dlib.nyu.edu/nyhs/maps/detail.html New York University] and here:[https://www.nyhistory.org/web/crossroads/gallery/background_matter/castello_plan_redraft.html New York Historical Society]. A "Digital redraft of the Castello Plan of New Amsterdam in New Netherland in 1660" is an interactive map that can be found on [http://www.ekamper.net/gr-misc.htm ekamper.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602124537/http://www.ekamper.net/gr-misc.htm |date=June 2, 2019 }}. This map allows you to click in various places to learn more about the ownership and use of the land and buildings. All URLs accessed on February 17, 2010. A Google Earth File of the Castello Plan is posted on [http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showthreaded&Number=1206679 bbs.keyhole.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120707110422/http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showthreaded&Number=1206679 |date=July 7, 2012 }}.</ref>

The city map known as the [[Duke's Plan]] probably derived from the same 1660 census as the Castello Plan. The Duke's Plan includes two outlying areas of development on Manhattan along the top of the plan. The work was created for James (1633–1701), the Duke of York and Albany, after whom [[New York (state)|New York]], [[New York City]], and New York's Capital – [[Albany, New York|Albany]], were named just after the seizure of New Amsterdam by the [[Kingdom of England|English]].<ref>An image of the Duke's map can be found on-line at the [[British Library]] site: [http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/themes/mapsandviews/plannewyork.html THE BRITISH LIBRARY] URL accessed on December 15, 2005.</ref> After that provisional relinquishment of New Netherland, Stuyvesant reported to his superiors that he "had endeavored to promote the increase of population, agriculture and commerce...the flourishing condition which might have been more flourishing if the now afflicted inhabitants had been protected by a suitable garrison...and had been helped with the long sought for settlement of the boundary, or in default thereof had they been seconded with the oft besought reinforcement of men and ships against the continual troubles, threats, encroachments and invasions of the British neighbors and government of Hartford Colony, our too powerful enemies".

The existence of these city maps has proven to be very useful in the archaeology of New York City. For instance, the Castello map aided the excavation of the [[Stadt Huys Site|Stadthuys]] ([[Seat of local government|City Hall]]) of New Amsterdam in determining the exact location of the building.<ref>[http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/rothschild/1.htm A slideshow of the famous Stadt Huys dig, a landmark archaeological excavation of one of the central blocks of New Amsterdam, can be found on beatl.barnard.columbia.edu] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104223732/http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/rothschild/1.htm |date=November 4, 2012 }}. Retrieved February 2, 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.cr.nps.gov/hps/tps/roofingexhibit/claytile.htm A 17th-century picture of the Stadthuys can be found on cr.nps.gov]. Retrieved February 2, 2011.</ref>

===Layout===
[[File:Wall Street IRT 008c.JPG|thumb|Depiction of the wall of New Amsterdam on a tile in the [[Wall Street (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)|Wall Street]] subway station]]

The maps enable a precise reconstruction of the town. Fort Amsterdam was located at the southernmost tip of the island of Manhattan, which today is surrounded by Bowling Green. [[The Battery (Manhattan)|The Battery]] is a reference to its [[Artillery battery|battery]] of cannon.

[[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] was the main street that led out of town north towards Harlem. The town was surrounded to the north by a wall leading from the eastern to the western shore. Today, where the course of this city wall was, is [[Wall Street]]. Nearby, a canal which led from the harbor inland was filled in 1676, and is today [[Broad Street (Manhattan)|Broad Street]].

[[File:Rigging House motif.jpg|thumb|The Rigging House, 120 William Street, in 1846. It was a Methodist church in the 1760s, then a secular building again before its demolition in the mid-19th century.]]

The layout of the streets was winding, as in a European city. Only starting from Wall Street going toward uptown did the typical grid become enforced long after the town ceased to be Dutch. Most of the [[Financial District, Manhattan|Financial District]] overlaps with New Amsterdam and has retained its original street layout.