Editing Natural rubber (section)

===Elasticity===
{{More citations needed section|date=August 2015}}

{{Main|Rubber elasticity}}
[[File:Koh Chang, Thailand, Rubber tapping, Latex.jpg|thumb|Rubber latex elasticity]]
On a microscopic scale, relaxed rubber is a disorganized cluster of erratically changing wrinkled chains. In stretched rubber, the chains are almost linear. The restoring force is due to the preponderance of wrinkled conformations over more linear ones. For the quantitative treatment see [[ideal chain]], for more examples see [[entropic force]].

Cooling below the [[glass transition temperature]] permits local conformational changes but a reordering is practically impossible because of the larger [[activation energy|energy barrier]] for the concerted movement of longer chains. "Frozen" rubber's elasticity is low and [[strain (materials science)|strain]] results from small changes of [[chemical bond|bond]] lengths and angles: this caused the [[Challenger disaster|''Challenger'' disaster]], when the American [[Space Shuttle]]'s flattened [[o-ring]]s failed to relax to fill a widening gap.<ref>{{cite web |title=Casing Joint Design |work= Report – Investigation of the Challenger Accident |publisher=US Government Printing Office |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CRPT-99hrpt1016/pdf/CHRG-101shrg1087-2.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CRPT-99hrpt1016/pdf/CHRG-101shrg1087-2.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |access-date=29 August 2015}}</ref> The glass transition is fast and reversible: the force resumes on heating.

The parallel chains of stretched rubber are susceptible to crystallization. This takes some time because turns of twisted chains have to move out of the way of the growing [[crystallite]]s. Crystallization has occurred, for example, when, after days, an inflated toy balloon is found withered at a relatively large remaining volume. Where it is touched, it shrinks because the temperature of the hand is enough to melt the crystals.

[[Vulcanization]] of rubber creates [[disulfide|di-]] and [[polysulfide]] bonds between chains, which limits the [[degrees of freedom (mechanics)|degrees of freedom]] and results in chains that tighten more quickly for a given strain, thereby increasing the elastic force constant and making the rubber harder and less extensible.