Editing Naples (section)

== Architecture ==
{{Main article|Architecture of Naples}}
{{See also|:Category:Buildings and structures in Naples|l1=Buildings and structures in Naples|Archaeological sites in Naples}}

=== UNESCO World Heritage Site ===
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| WHS = Historic Centre of Naples
| Image = Napoli - piazza San Domenico Maggiore e guglia.jpg
| Criteria = Cultural: ii, iv
| ID = 726
| Year = 1995
| Area = 1,021 ha
| Buffer_zone = 1,350 ha
}}
[[File:Il Palazzo reale (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Royal Palace of Naples]]]]
Naples' 2,800-year history has left it with a wealth of historical buildings and monuments, from medieval castles to classical ruins, and a wide range of culturally and historically significant sites nearby, including the [[Palace of Caserta]] and the Roman ruins of [[Pompeii]] and [[Herculaneum]]. In 2017 the [[BBC]] defined Naples as "the Italian city with too much history to handle".<ref>Craig, E., [https://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20170309-a-city-with-too-much-history-to-handle A city with too much history to handle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126055150/http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20170309-a-city-with-too-much-history-to-handle |date=26 January 2021 }}, ''BBC Global News Ltd.'', published 20 March 2017, accessed 17 February 2023</ref>

The most prominent forms of architecture visible in present-day Naples are the [[Medieval architecture|Medieval]], [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] and [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] styles.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.inaples.it/eng/pianta_stratificata.htm |publisher=INaples.it |title=Historical centre |date=7 October 2007 |access-date=22 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510113517/http://www.inaples.it/eng/pianta_stratificata.htm |archive-date=10 May 2012}}</ref> Naples has a total of 448 historical churches (1000 in total<ref>[http://www.ilgiornaledellarte.com/articoli/2012/7/114021.html Ilgiornaledellarte.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815042531/http://www.ilgiornaledellarte.com/articoli/2012/7/114021.html |date=15 August 2013 }}</ref>), making it one of the most Catholic cities in the world in terms of the number of places of worship.<ref name="churches" /> In 1995, the [[Historic Centre of Naples|historic centre of Naples]] was listed by [[UNESCO]] as a [[World Heritage Site]], a United Nations programme which aims to catalogue and conserve sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the [[common heritage of mankind]].
{{blockquote|Naples is one of the most ancient cities in Europe, whose contemporary urban fabric preserves the elements of its long and eventful history. The rectangular grid layout of the ancient Greek foundation of Neapolis is still discernible. It has indeed continued to provide the layout for the present-day Historic Centre of Naples, one of the major Mediterranean port cities. From the Middle Ages to the 18th century, Naples was a focal point in terms of art and architecture, expressed in its ancient forts, the royal ensembles such as the Royal Palace of 1600, and the palaces and churches sponsored by the noble families.|[[UNESCO]]'s Criterion|}}

=== Piazzas, palaces and castles ===
{{See also|Category:Palaces in Naples|label 1=List of palaces in Naples}}
[[File:CastelOvo.jpg|thumb|The [[Castel dell'Ovo|Egg Castle]]]]
The main city square or ''[[piazza]]'' of the city is the [[Piazza del Plebiscito]]. Its construction was begun by the [[Bonapartism|Bonapartist]] king [[Joachim Murat]] and finished by the Bourbon king [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand IV]]. The piazza is bounded on the east by the [[Royal Palace (Naples)|Royal Palace]] and on the west by the church of [[San Francesco di Paola (Naples)|San Francesco di Paola]], with the colonnades extending on both sides. Nearby is the [[Teatro di San Carlo]], which is the oldest [[opera house]] in Italy. Directly across San Carlo is [[Galleria Umberto I|Galleria Umberto]].

Naples is well known for its castles: The most ancient is [[Castel dell'Ovo]] ("Egg Castle"), which was built on the tiny [[islet]] of Megarides, where the original [[Cumae]]an colonists had founded the city. In Roman times the islet became part of [[Lucullus]]'s villa, later hosting [[Romulus Augustulus]], the exiled last western Roman emperor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/1433 |title=Cultura – Il castel dell'ovo |access-date=9 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814033557/http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/1433 |archive-date=14 August 2013}}</ref> It had also been the prison for [[Constance I of Sicily|Empress Constance]] between 1191 and 1192 after her being captured by Sicilians, and [[Conradin]] and [[Giovanna I of Naples]] before their executions.

[[Castel Nuovo]], also known as ''Maschio [[Capetian House of Anjou|Angioino]]'', is one of the city's top landmarks; it was built during the time of [[Charles I of Naples|Charles I]], the first [[List of monarchs of Naples|king of Naples]]. Castel Nuovo has seen many notable historical events: for example, in 1294, [[Pope Celestine V]] resigned as pope in a hall of the castle, and following this [[Pope Boniface VIII]] was elected pope by the cardinal [[Collegium (ancient Rome)|collegium]], before moving to Rome.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/1372 |title=Cultura – Patrimonio Artistico e Museale – Castel Nuovo |access-date=9 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112011805/http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/1372 |archive-date=12 January 2012}}</ref>

[[Castel Capuano]] was built in the 12th century by [[William I of Sicily|William I]], the son of [[Roger II of Sicily]], the first monarch of the [[Kingdom of Naples]]. It was expanded by [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] and became one of his royal palaces. The castle was the residence of many kings and queens throughout its history. In the 16th century, it became the Hall of Justice.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fondazionecastelcapuano.it/storia.aspx |title=Fondazione Castel Capuano |access-date=10 July 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710195335/http://www.fondazionecastelcapuano.it/storia.aspx |archive-date=10 July 2018}}</ref>

Another Neapolitan castle is [[Castel Sant'Elmo]], which was completed in 1329 and is built in the shape of a [[star]]. Its strategic position overlooking the entire city made it a target of various invaders. During the uprising of [[Masaniello]] in 1647, the Spanish took refuge in Sant'Elmo to escape the revolutionaries.<ref>Giuseppe Grispello, Il mistero di Castel Sant'Elmo, Napoli, Guida, 1999, {{ISBN|88-7188-322-5}}.</ref>

The [[Carmine Castle]], built in 1392 and highly modified in the 16th century by the Spanish, was demolished in 1906 to make room for the Via Marina, although two of the castle's towers remain as a monument. The Vigliena Fort, built in 1702, was destroyed in 1799 during the royalist war against the Parthenopean Republic and is now abandoned and in ruin.<ref>Ruggiero Gennaro, I castelli di Napoli, Napoli, Newton & Compton, 1995, {{ISBN|88-7983-760-5}}.</ref>

=== Museums ===
{{See also|List of museums in Naples}}
[[File:Napoli, museo archeologico2.jpg|left|thumb|[[National Archaeological Museum, Naples|National Archaeological Museum]]]]
[[File:Museo Capodimonte Napoli facciata Sudovest.jpg|thumb|[[Museo di Capodimonte|National Museum of Capodimonte]]]]
Naples is widely known for its wealth of historical museums. The [[Naples National Archaeological Museum]] is one of the city's main museums, with one of the most extensive collections of [[artifact (archaeology)|artefacts]] of the [[Roman Empire]] in the world.<ref name="bestnap" /> It also houses many of the antiques unearthed at [[Pompeii]] and [[Herculaneum]], as well as some artefacts from the [[Magna Graecia|Greek]] and [[Italian Renaissance|Renaissance]] periods.<ref name="bestnap">{{cite news |url=http://www.best.unina.it/ac07/napoli.htm |publisher=Best.unina.it |title=Napoli |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915120247/http://www.best.unina.it/ac07/napoli.htm |archive-date=15 September 2007}}</ref>

Previously a Bourbon palace, now a museum and art gallery, the [[Museo di Capodimonte]] is another museum of note. The [[List of works in the Galleria Nazionale di Capodimonte|gallery features paintings]] from the 13th to the 18th centuries, including major works by [[Simone Martini]], [[Raphael]], [[Titian]], [[Caravaggio]], [[El Greco]], [[Jusepe de Ribera]] and [[Luca Giordano]]. The royal apartments are furnished with antique 18th-century furniture and a collection of [[porcelain]] and [[Victorian majolica|majolica]] from the various royal residences: the famous [[Capodimonte porcelain|Capodimonte Porcelain Factory]] once stood just adjacent to the palace.

In front of the [[Royal Palace of Naples]] stands the [[Galleria Umberto I]], which contains the [[Coral Jewellery Museum]]. Occupying a 19th-century palazzo renovated by the Portuguese architect [[Álvaro Siza]], the [[Museo d'Arte Contemporanea Donnaregina]] (MADRE) features an [[enfilade]] procession of permanent installations by artists such as [[Francesco Clemente]], [[Richard Serra]], and [[Rebecca Horn]].<ref>Aric Chen (18 September 2005). [http://travel.nytimes.com/2005/09/18/travel/18going.html Going to Naples] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628090048/http://travel.nytimes.com/2005/09/18/travel/18going.html |date=28 June 2012 }}. ''[[New York Times]]''. Retrieved 30 January 2013.</ref> The 16th-century palace of Roccella hosts the Palazzo delle Arti Napoli, which contains the civic collections of art belonging to the City of Naples, and features temporary exhibits of art and culture. Palazzo Como, which dates from the 15th century, hosts the [[Museo Civico Filangieri]] of [[plastic arts]], created in 1883 by [[Gaetano Filangieri, prince of Satriano|Gaetano Filangieri]].

=== Churches and other religious structures ===
{{See also|List of churches in Naples|Spires of Naples|Fontanelle cemetery}}
[[File:Facciata Duomo di Napoli - BW 2013-05-16.jpg|thumb|[[Naples Cathedral]]]]
[[File:Chiesa del Gesu Nuovo.jpg|thumb|[[Gesù Nuovo|Church of Gesù Nuovo]]]]
[[File:VedutaCertosa.jpg|thumb|Hanging gardens of the [[Certosa di San Martino]]]]
[[File:Napoli MonumentoGirolamini Chiesa 20150115 (53).jpg|thumb|Interior of the [[Girolamini, Naples|Church of Girolamini]]]]
Naples is the seat of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Naples|Archdiocese of Naples]]; there are hundreds of churches in the city.<ref name="churches">{{cite news |url=http://www.red-travel.com/uk/ferrari-tour-italy/places/naples-english-guided-visit.htm |publisher=Red Travel |title=Naples |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303111036/http://www.red-travel.com/uk/ferrari-tour-italy/places/naples-english-guided-visit.htm |archive-date=3 March 2012}}</ref> The [[Naples Cathedral|Cathedral of Naples]] is the city's premier place of worship; each year on 19 September, it hosts the longstanding Miracle of [[Januarius|Saint Januarius]], the city's [[patron saint]].<ref name="gennaro" /> During the miracle, which thousands of Neapolitans flock to witness, the dried blood of Januarius is said to turn to liquid when brought close to holy [[relic]]s said to be of his body.<ref name="gennaro">{{cite news |url=http://www.splendoroftruth.com/curtjester/2007/09/saint-gennaro/ |publisher=SplendorofTruth.com |title=Saint Gennaro |date=24 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402220116/http://www.splendoroftruth.com/curtjester/2007/09/saint-gennaro/ |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=24 March 2015}}</ref> Below is a selective list of Naples' major churches, chapels, and monastery complexes:

{{div col|colwidth=30em|rules=yes}}
* [[Certosa di San Martino]]
* [[Naples Cathedral]]
* [[San Francesco di Paola (Naples)|San Francesco di Paola]]
* [[Gesù Nuovo]]
* [[Girolamini, Naples|Girolamini]]
* [[San Domenico Maggiore]]
* [[Santa Chiara (Naples)|Santa Chiara]]
* [[San Paolo Maggiore, Naples|San Paolo Maggiore]]
* [[Santa Maria della Sanità, Naples]]
* [[Santa Maria del Carmine (Naples)|Santa Maria del Carmine]]
* [[Sant'Agostino alla Zecca]]
* [[Madre del Buon Consiglio]]
* [[Santa Donna Regina Nuova|Santa Maria Donna Regina Nuova]]
* [[San Lorenzo Maggiore, Naples|San Lorenzo Maggiore]]
* [[Santa Maria Donna Regina Vecchia]]
* [[Santa Caterina a Formiello]]
* [[Santissima Annunziata Maggiore, Naples|Santissima Annunziata Maggiore]]
* [[San Gregorio Armeno]]
* [[San Giovanni a Carbonara]]
* [[Santa Maria La Nova, Naples|Santa Maria La Nova]]
* [[Sant'Anna dei Lombardi]]
* [[Sant'Eligio Maggiore]]
* [[Santa Restituta]]
* [[Cappella Sansevero|Sansevero Chapel]]
* [[San Pietro a Maiella]]
* [[San Gennaro extra Moenia]]
* [[San Ferdinando (Naples)|San Ferdinando]]
* [[Pio Monte della Misericordia]]
* [[Santa Maria di Montesanto, Naples|Santa Maria di Montesanto]]
* [[Chiesa di Sant'Antonio Abate|Sant'Antonio Abate]]
* [[Santa Caterina a Chiaia]]
* [[San Pietro Martire (Naples)|San Pietro Martire]]
* [[Hermitage of Camaldoli]]
* [[Archbishop's Palace (Naples)|Archbishop's Palace]]
{{div col end}}

=== Other features ===
[[File:Interior of Galleria Umberto I. Naples, Campania, Italy, South Europe.jpg|thumb|Inside [[Galleria Umberto I]]|alt=|left]]
Aside from the Piazza del Plebiscito, Naples has two other major public squares: the [[Piazza Dante (Naples)|Piazza Dante]] and the [[Piazza dei Martiri]]. The latter originally had only a memorial to religious [[martyr]]s, but in 1866, after the [[Italian unification]], four lions were added, representing the four rebellions against the Bourbons.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.inaples.it/ita/dettaglio.asp?idp=92&cod=65 |publisher=INaples.it |title=Piazza Dei Martiri |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722035628/http://www.inaples.it/ita/dettaglio.asp?idp=92&cod=65 |archive-date=22 July 2011 |access-date=1 March 2008}}</ref>

The [[San Gennaro dei Poveri]] is a Renaissance-era hospital for the poor, erected by the Spanish in 1667. It was the forerunner of a much more ambitious project, the [[Ospedale L'Albergo Reale dei Poveri, Naples|Bourbon Hospice for the Poor]] started by [[Charles III of Spain|Charles III]]. This was for the destitute and ill of the city; it also provided a self-sufficient community where the poor would live and work. Though a notable landmark, it is no longer a functioning hospital.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ceva Grimaldi |first=Francesco |author-link=Francesco Ceva Grimaldi (historian) |title=Della città di Napoli dal tempo della sua fondazione sino al presente |publisher=Stamperia e calcografia |year=1857 |url=https://archive.org/details/dellacittdinapo01grimgoog |page=[https://archive.org/details/dellacittdinapo01grimgoog/page/n530 521] |quote=Albergo Reale dei Poveri napoli. |access-date=14 February 2013}}</ref>

==== Subterranean Naples ====
[[File:Galleria borbonica - War refuge (Naples).jpg|thumb|[[Naples underground geothermal zone|Underground Naples]]]]
{{Main|Beneath Naples|Catacombs of San Gennaro|Catacombs of Saint Gaudiosus|San Pietro ad Aram}}
[[Naples underground geothermal zone|Underneath Naples]] lies a series of caves and structures created by centuries of mining, and the city rests atop a major [[Geothermal activity|geothermal]] zone. There are also several ancient [[Greco-Roman]] reservoirs dug out from the soft [[tuff|tufo stone]] on which, and from which, much of the city is built. Approximately {{convert|1|km|spell=in|abbr=off}} of the many kilometres of tunnels under the city can be visited from the [[Naples underground geothermal zone|Napoli Sotteranea]], situated in the historic centre of the city in [[Via dei Tribunali (Naples)|Via dei Tribunali]]. This system of tunnels and cisterns underlies most of the city and lies approximately {{convert|30|m|ft}} below ground level. During [[World War II]], these tunnels were used as [[air-raid shelter]]s, and there are inscriptions on the walls depicting the suffering endured by the refugees of that era.

There are large [[Catacombs of San Gennaro|catacombs]] in and around the city, and other landmarks such as the [[Piscina Mirabilis]], the main cistern serving the [[Bay of Naples]] during Roman times.

Several archaeological excavations are also present; they revealed in [[San Lorenzo Maggiore, Naples|San Lorenzo Maggiore]] the [[macellum of Naples]], and in [[Santa Chiara, Naples|Santa Chiara]], the biggest thermal complex of the city in Roman times.

==== Parks, gardens, villas, fountains and stairways ====
{{Main|Villas in Naples|Stairways in Naples|List of fountains in Naples}}
[[File:FantanaSantaLucia2.jpg|thumb|[[Villa Comunale]]]]
Of the various [[park|public parks]] in Naples, the most prominent are the [[Villa Comunale]], which was built by the Bourbon king [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand IV]] in the 1780s;<ref>{{cite news |url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/blog19.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030829022247/http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/blog19.htm |archive-date=29 August 2003 |publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu |title=Villa Comunale |date=8 January 2008}}</ref> the park was originally a "Royal Garden", reserved for members of the royal family, but open to the public on special holidays. The Bosco di [[Palace of Capodimonte|Capodimonte]], the city's largest green space, served as a royal hunting reserve. The Park has 16 additional historical buildings, including residences, lodges, churches, fountains, statues, orchards and woods.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.museocapodimonte.beniculturali.it/information-en/ |title=Information en |access-date=13 July 2018 |archive-date=5 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605153709/http://www.museocapodimonte.beniculturali.it/information-en/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Another important park is the [[Parco Virgiliano]], which looks towards the tiny volcanic islet of [[Nisida]]; beyond Nisida lie [[Procida]] and [[Ischia]].<ref name="parkvirg">{{cite news |url=http://events.skyteam.com/sisp/index.htm?fx=event&event_id=32829 |publisher=SkyTeam.com |title=Parco Virgiliano |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003085052/http://events.skyteam.com/sisp/index.htm?fx=event&event_id=32829 |archive-date=3 October 2011}}</ref> [[Parco Virgiliano (Mergellina)|Parco Virgiliano]] was named after [[Virgil]], the classical Roman poet and Latin writer who is thought to be [[Virgil's tomb|entombed]] nearby.<ref name="parkvirg" /> Naples is noted for its numerous stately [[villa]]s, fountains and [[Stairways in Naples|stairways]], such as the [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] [[Villa Floridiana]], the [[Fountain of Neptune, Naples|Fountain of Neptune]] and the [[Pedamentina di San Martino|Pedamentina stairway]].

==== Neo-Gothic, ''Liberty Napoletano'' and modern architecture ====
[[File:Napoli - Castello Aselmeyer.jpg|left|thumb|Aselmeyer Castle, built by [[Lamont Young (Naples)|Lamont Young]] in the Neo-Gothic style]]
[[File:Liberty Napoli.jpg|thumb|One of the city's various examples of ''Liberty Napoletano'']]
Various buildings inspired by the [[Gothic Revival Architecture|Gothic Revival]] are extant in Naples, due to the influence that this movement had on the Scottish-Indian architect [[Lamont Young (Naples)|Lamont Young]], one of the most active Neapolitan architects of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Young left a significant footprint in the [[cityscape]] and designed many urban projects, such as the city's first subway ([[Naples Metro|metro]]).

In the first years of the 20th century, a local version of the [[Art Nouveau]] phenomenon, known as "[[Liberty style|Liberty]] Napoletano", developed in the city, creating many buildings which still stand today. In 1935, the [[Rationalism (architecture)|Rationalist]] architect Luigi Cosenza designed a new fish market for the city. During the [[Benito Mussolini]] era, the first structures of the city's "service center" were built, all in a Rationalist-[[Functionalism (architecture)|Functionalist]] style, including the Palazzo delle Poste and the Pretura buildings. The [[Centro Direzionale (Naples)|Centro Direzionale di Napoli]] is the only adjacent cluster of skyscrapers in southern Europe.