Editing Names of God in Judaism (section)

==Other names and titles==

===Baal===
{{Main|Baal}}
{{transliteration|he|[[Baal]]}} meant '[[property|owner]]' and, by extension, 'lord',{{sfnp|Herrmann|1999|p=132}} '[[slavery|master]]', and 'husband' in Hebrew and the other [[Northwest Semitic languages]].{{sfnp|Pope|2006}}{{sfnp|''DULAT''|2015|loc="[https://books.google.com/books?id=bh6oBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA203 bʕl (II)]"}} In some early contexts and [[theophoric name]]s, it and {{transliteration|he|Baali}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|eɪ|ə|l|aɪ}}; "My Lord") were treated as synonyms of [[Adon]] and Adonai.{{sfnp|''BEWR''|2006|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dbibAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA102 "Baal"]}} After the time of [[Solomon]]<ref name=EJ675/> and particularly after [[Jezebel]]'s attempt to promote the worship of the Lord of [[Ancient Tyre|Tyre]] [[Melqart]],{{sfnp|''BEWR''|2006|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dbibAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA102 "Baal"]}} however, the name became particularly associated with the [[Canaanite religion|Canaanite]] [[storm god]] [[Hadad|Baʿal Haddu]] and was gradually avoided as a title for Yahweh.<ref name="EJ675">{{citation |title=Encyclopaedia Judaica, ''2nd&nbsp;ed.'' |volume=VII |page=675 }}</ref> Several names that included it were rewritten as {{transliteration|he|bosheth}} ("shame").{{sfnp|''ZPBD''|1963}} The [[prophet (Judaism)|prophet]] [[Hosea]] in particular reproached the [[Israelites]] for continuing to use the term:<ref>{{bibleverse|Hos.|2:16|HE}}.</ref>
{{Blockquote|"It will come about in that day," declares the {{smallcaps|[[Yahweh|Lord]]}}, "That you will call Me Ishi{{refn|group=n|Literally, "my husband".<ref>{{citation |first=Arie |last=Uittenbogaard |url=http://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Ishi.html#.UWSk3ddv2aU |title=Ishi &#124; The amazing name Ishi: meaning and etymology |publisher=Abarim Publications |access-date=21 May 2014 |archive-date=8 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508163208/http://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Ishi.html#.UWSk3ddv2aU |url-status=live }}</ref>}} And will no longer call Me Baali."<ref>{{bibleverse|Hos.|2:16|NASB}} ([[New American Standard Bible|NASB]]).</ref>}}

===Elah===
{{transliteration|he|Elah}} ({{langx|he|אֱלָה|ʾelāh}}, pl. {{transliteration|he|Elim}} or {{transliteration|he|Elohim}}; {{langx|arc|אלהא}}) is the [[Aramaic]] word for God and the absolute singular form of {{lang|arc|אלהא}}, {{transliteration|arc|ʾilāhā}}. The origin of the word is from [[Proto-Semitic language|Proto-Semitic]] {{lang|sem-x-proto|ʔil}} and is thus cognate to the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Arabic]], [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]], and other [[Semitic languages]]' words for god. {{transliteration|he|Elah}} is found in the [[Tanakh]] in the books of [[Book of Ezra|Ezra]], [[Book of Jeremiah|Jeremiah]] (Jeremiah 10:11,<ref>{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|10:11|HE}}</ref> the only verse in the entire book written in Aramaic),<ref>Torrey 1945, 64; Metzger 1957, 96; Moore 1992, 704,</ref> and [[Book of Daniel|Daniel]]. {{transliteration|he|Elah}} is used to describe both pagan gods and the Abrahamic God.

* {{transliteration|he|Elah Yisrael}}, God of Israel (Ezra 5:1)
* {{transliteration|he|Elah Yerushelem}}, God of Jerusalem (Ezra 7:19)
* {{transliteration|he|Elah Shemaya}}, God of Heaven (Ezra 7:23)
* {{transliteration|he|Elah-avahati}}, God of my fathers, (Daniel 2:23)
* {{transliteration|he|Elah Elahin}}, God of gods (Daniel 2:47)

===El Roi===
{{Main|El Roi}}
In the [[Book of Genesis]], [[Hagar]] uses this name for the God who spoke to her through his [[angel of the Lord|angel]]. In Hebrew, her phrase {{transliteration|he|[[El Roi]]}}, literally, 'God of Seeing Me',<ref>{{bibleverse|Gen.|16:13|HE}}</ref> is translated in the [[King James Version]] as "Thou God seest me."<ref>{{bibleverse|Gen.|16:13|KJV}} [[King James Version|KJV]].</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://biblehub.com/genesis/16-13.htm|title=Genesis 16:13 So Hagar gave this name to the LORD who had spoken to her: "You are the God who sees me," for she said, "Here I have seen the One who sees me!"|access-date=2020-09-20|archive-date=2020-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923231338/https://www.biblehub.com/genesis/16-13.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Elyon===
{{listen|filename=He-Elyon.ogg|title=`Elyon|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
{{Main|Elyon}}
The name {{transliteration|he|Elyon}} ({{lang|he|עליון}}) occurs in combination with {{transliteration|he|El}}, {{transliteration|he|YHWH}}, {{transliteration|he|Elohim}} and alone. It appears chiefly in poetic and later Biblical passages. The modern Hebrew adjective {{transliteration|he|'Elyon}} means 'supreme' (as in "Supreme Court": {{langx|he|בית המשפט ה'''עליון'''}}) or 'Most High'. {{transliteration|he|El Elyon}} has been traditionally translated into English as 'God Most High'. The [[Phoenicians]] used what appears to be a similar name for God, one that the Greeks wrote as {{lang|grc|Έλιονα}}.

===Eternal One===
''The Eternal One'' or ''The Eternal'' is increasingly used, particularly in [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] and [[Reconstructionist Judaism|Reconstructionist]] communities seeking to use [[gender-neutral language]].<ref>Matthew Berke, ''[http://www.firstthings.com/article/1996/06/003-god-and-gender-in-judaism GOD AND GENDER IN JUDAISM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095315/http://www.firstthings.com/article/1996/06/003-god-and-gender-in-judaism |date=2015-12-22 }}'', [[First Things]], June 1995; Mel Scult, ''The Radical American Judaism of Mordecai M. Kaplan'', [[Indiana University Press]], 2013. p. 195.</ref> In the Torah, {{transliteration|he|YHWH El Olam}} ("the Everlasting God") is used at Genesis 21:33 to refer to God.<ref>{{bibleverse|Gen|21:33|HE}}.</ref>

{{anchor|Ha Shem|Ha-Shem|ha-Shem}}

===HaShem===
[[File:Holešov, židovský hřbitov.JPG|thumb|Biblical text on a synagogue in [[Holešov]], Czech Republic: "HaShem ({{lang|he|ה׳}}) kills and makes alive; He brings down to Sheol and raises up." ([[1 Samuel]] 2:6)]]
[[File:1929massacre-safed.jpg|thumb|Sign near the site of the [[1929 Palestine riots|Safed massacre]], reading {{lang|he|הי״ד}} (''H.Y.D.'', abbreviation of {{lang|he|הַשֵּׁם יִקֹּום דָּמוֹ}} {{transliteration|he|HaShem yikom damo}}, 'may HaShem avenge his blood').]]
{{Redirect|HaShem|people with similar names|Hashem}}
It is common Jewish practice to restrict the use of the names of God to a [[Jewish liturgy|liturgical]] context. In casual conversation some Jews, even when not speaking Hebrew, will call God HaShem ({{lang|he|השם}}), which is Hebrew for 'the Name' (compare [[Leviticus]] 24:11 and [[Book of Deuteronomy|Deuteronomy]] 28:58). When written, it is often abbreviated to {{Lang|he|ה׳}}. Likewise, when quoting from the Tanakh or prayers, some pious Jews will replace {{transliteration|he|Adonai}} with {{transliteration|he|HaShem}}. For example, when making [[sound recording and reproduction|audio recordings]] of prayer services, {{transliteration|he|HaShem}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/hashem/ |title=What is HaShem? |access-date=2019-04-20 |archive-date=2019-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417141826/https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/hashem/ |url-status=live}}</ref> will generally be substituted for {{transliteration|he|Adonai}}.

A popular expression containing this phrase is {{transliteration|he|Baruch HaShem}}, meaning "Thank [[God in Judaism|God]]" (literally, 'Blessed be the Name').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chabad.org/parshah/article_cdo/aid/651431/jewish/Thank-G-d.htm |title=Thank G-d! |access-date=15 February 2015 |website=Chabad.org |last=Greenbaum |first=Elisha |archive-date=15 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215060642/http://www.chabad.org/parshah/article_cdo/aid/651431/jewish/Thank-G-d.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Samaritans]] use the [[Samaritan Aramaic language|Aramaic]] equivalent {{lang|sam-Latn|Shema}} ({{lang|sam|שמא}}, 'the name') in much the same situations as Jews use {{transliteration|he|HaShem}}.

===Shalom===
{{Main|Shalom}}
[[Talmud]]ic authors,<ref>Rabbi Adah ben Ahabah and Rabbi Haninuna (possibly citing "'Ulla")</ref> ruling on the basis of [[Gideon]]'s name for an altar ({{transliteration|he|YHVH-Shalom}}, according to [[Book of Judges|Judges]] 6:24), write that "the name of God is 'Peace{{'"}} ({{transliteration|he|Pereq ha-Shalom}}, Shabbat 10b); consequently, a [[Talmud]]ic opinion ({{transliteration|he|Shabbat}}, 10b) asserts that one would greet another with the word {{transliteration|he|shalom}} in order for the word not to be forgotten in the [[Jewish diaspora|exile]]. But one is not permitted to greet another with the word {{transliteration|he|Shalom}} in unholy places such as a bathroom, because of the holiness of the name.

===Shekhinah===
{{Main|Shekhinah}}
{{transliteration|he|[[Shekhinah]]}} ({{lang|he|שכינה}}) is the presence or manifestation of God which has descended to "dwell" among humanity. The term never appears in the Hebrew Bible; later rabbis used the word when speaking of God dwelling either in the [[Tabernacle]] or amongst the people of Israel. The root of the word means "dwelling". Of the principal names of God, it is the only one that is of the feminine gender in Hebrew grammar. Some believe that this was the name of a female counterpart of God, but this is unlikely as the name is always mentioned in conjunction with an article (e.g.: "the Shekhina descended and dwelt among them" or "He removed Himself and His Shekhina from their midst"). This kind of usage does not occur in Semitic languages in conjunction with proper names.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} The term, however, may not be a name, as it may merely describe the presence of God, and not God Himself.