Editing Munich (section)

===Postwar===
In the aftermath of World War II, Germany and Japan were subject to [[US Military]] occupation.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Japan and Germany Under the U.S. Occupation |author1= Masako Shibata  |publisher= Lexington Books| year=2005| isbn=9780739111499| page=1}}</ref> Due to Polish annexation of the [[Former eastern territories of Germany]] and [[Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)|expulsion of Germans from all over Eastern Europe]], Munich operated over a thousand refugee camps for 151,113 people in October 1946.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/Fl%C3%BCchtlinge_und_Vertriebene|series=historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de|access-date=25 November 2023|title=Flüchtlinge und Vertriebene|author=Walter Ziegler|archive-date=25 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125122609/https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/Fl%C3%BCchtlinge_und_Vertriebene|url-status=live}}</ref> After US occupation Munich was completely rebuilt following a meticulous plan, which preserved its pre-war street grid, bar a few exceptions owing to then-modern traffic concepts. In 1957, Munich's population surpassed one million. The city continued to play a highly significant role in the [[West Germany|German]] economy, politics and culture, giving rise to its nickname ''Heimliche Hauptstadt'' ("secret capital") in the decades after World War II.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rosenfeld |first=Gavriel D. |title=Munich and Memory: Architecture, Monuments, and the Legacy of the Third Reich |publisher=University of California Press |year=2000 |isbn=0520219104 |location=Berkeley |pages=157 |language=en}}</ref> In Munich, the [[Bayerischer Rundfunk]] began its first television broadcast in 1954.<ref>Das Fernsehen kommt – 1953 bis 1969" (in German). BR. Retrieved 22 July 2017.</ref>

The [[Free State of Bavaria]] used the [[arms industry]] as kernel for its [[high tech]] development policy.<ref name="Making Competitive Cities">{{Cite book |title=Making Competitive Cities |editor1=Alan Murie | editor2= Sako Musterd |publisher=Wiley |year=2011 |isbn=9781444390421 |page=}}</ref> Since 1963, Munich has been hosting the [[Munich Security Conference]], held annually in the [[Hotel Bayerischer Hof, Munich|Hotel Bayerischer Hof]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Use of Force for State Power: History and Future |author1=Michael Warner |author2=John Childress |publisher=Springer International Publishing |year=2020 |isbn=9783030454104 |page=223}}</ref> Munich also became known on the political level due to the strong influence of Bavarian politician [[Franz Josef Strauss]] from the 1960s to the 1980s. The [[Munich Airport]], which commenced operations in 1992, was named in his honor.<ref>Peter Siebenmorgen: Franz Josef Strauß, Ein Leben im Übermaß. Siedler, München 2015, {{ISBN|978-3-8275-0080-9}}.</ref>

In the early 1960s [[Dieter Kunzelmann]] was expelled from the [[Situationist International]] and founded an influential group called ''Subversive Aktion'' in Munich. Kunzelmann was also active in West Berlin, and became known for using situationist avant-garde as a cover for political violence.<ref>{{Cite book |title=After the Red Army Faction: Gender, Culture, and Militancy |author1=Charity Scribner  |publisher= Columbia University Press |year=2014 |isbn=9780231538299 |page=65}}</ref>

[[Image:Villa Olímpica, Múnich, Alemania 2012-04-28, DD 01.JPG|thumb|right|A view from the Olympic Tower ([[Olympiaturm]]) of the adjacent [[Olympic Village, Munich|Olympic Village]]]]
Munich hosted the [[1972 Summer Olympics]]. After winning the bid in 1966 the [[Mayor of Munich]] [[Hans-Jochen Vogel]] accelerated the construction of the [[Munich U-Bahn|U-Bahn]] subway and the [[Munich S-Bahn|S-Bahn]] metropolitan commuter railway. In May 1967 the construction work began for a new U-Bahn line connecting the city with the [[Olympiapark (Munich)|Olympic Park]]. The Olympic Park subway station was built near the [[BMW Headquarters]] and the line was completed in May 1972, three months before the opening of the 1972 Summer Olympics. Shortly before the opening ceremony, Munich also inaugurated a sizable pedestrian priority zone between [[Karlsplatz (Stachus)|Karlsplatz]] and [[Marienplatz]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Munich 1972: Tragedy, Terror, and Triumph at the Olympic Games |author1=David Clay Large |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |year=2012 |isbn=9780742567399 |pages=90–91}}</ref> In 1970 the Munich city council released funds so that the iconic [[Gothic architecture|gothic]] facade and [[Rathaus-Glockenspiel|Glockenspiel]] of the [[Neues Rathaus (Munich)|''New City Hall'']] (Neues Rathaus) could be restored.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Munich 1972: Tragedy, Terror, and Triumph at the Olympic Games |author1=David Clay Large |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |year=2012 |isbn=9780742567399 |page=92}}</ref>

During the 1972 Summer Olympics 11 Israeli athletes were murdered by [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] terrorists in the [[Munich massacre]], when gunmen from the Palestinian "[[Black September (group)|Black September]]" group took hostage members of the Israeli Olympic team.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Levitt |first1=Michael |title='The darkest day in Olympic history': Half a century later, the Munich massacre still casts a long shadow |url=https://www.thestar.com/opinion/contributors/2022/09/05/the-darkest-day-in-olympic-history-half-a-century-later-the-munich-massacre-still-casts-a-long-shadow.html |access-date=26 October 2022 |publisher=Toronto Star |date=5 September 2022 |archive-date=27 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027003950/https://www.thestar.com/opinion/contributors/2022/09/05/the-darkest-day-in-olympic-history-half-a-century-later-the-munich-massacre-still-casts-a-long-shadow.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The most deadly militant attack the [[Federal Republic of Germany]] has ever witnessed was the [[Oktoberfest bombing]]. The attack was eventually blamed on militant [[Neo-Nazism]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Routledge History of Terrorism |author1= Randall D. Law |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2015 |isbn= 9781317514862 |page=}}</ref>

[[File:Nockherberg München Paulaner Biergarten.jpg|thumb|The [[Nockherberg]] beer garden]]
Munich and its [[urban sprawl]] emerged as the leading German high tech region during the 1980s and 1990s. The urban economy of Munich became characterized by a dynamic [[labour market]], low unemployment, a growing [[service economy]] and high per capita income.<ref name="Making Competitive Cities"/> Munich is home of the famous [[Nockherberg]] Strong Beer Festival during the Lenten fasting period (usually in March). Its origins go back to the 17th/18th century, but has become popular when the festivities were first televised in the 1980s. The fest includes comical speeches and a mini-musical in which numerous German politicians are parodied by look-alike actors.<ref>Hannes Burger: 350 Jahre Paulaner-Salvator-Thomasbräu AG. 1634–1984. Jubiläums-Festschrift. Paulaner-Salvator-Thomasbräu AG, München 1984</ref>

In 2007 the [[ecological restoration]] of the river Isar in the urban area of Munich was awarded the Water Development Prize by the German Association for Water, Wastewater and Waste (known as DWA in German). The renaturation of the Isar allows for the near natural development of the [[river bed]] and is part of Munich's [[flood protection]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Green City |author1=Jürgen Breuste |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |year=2022 |isbn=9783662639764 |page=211}}</ref> About 20 percent of buildings in Munich now have a [[green roof]]. Munich city council has been encouraging better [[stormwater]] management since the 1990s with regulations and subsidies.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Approaches to Water Sensitive Urban Design |author1=Ashok Sharma |author2=Don Begbie |author3=Ted Gardner |publisher=Elsevier Science |year=2018 |isbn=9780128128442 |page=573}}</ref>

On the fifth anniversary of the [[2011 Norway attacks]] an [[active shooter]] perpetrated a [[hate crime]]. The [[2016 Munich shooting]] targeted people of Turkish and Arab descent.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Washington's Dark Secret: The Real Truth about Terrorism and Islamic Extremism |author1= John Maszka |publisher= Potomac Books |year=2018 |isbn=9781640120242|page=26}}</ref>

Munich was one of the host cities for [[UEFA Euro 2020]], which was delayed for a year due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Germany]], and was a host city for [[UEFA Euro 2024]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=UEFA.com |date=11 January 2024 |title=EURO 2024 host cities: Venue guide {{!}} UEFA EURO 2024 |url=https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/news/0273-14ac084902cc-9ef59ec61319-1000--euro-2024-host-cities-venue-guide/ |access-date=20 January 2024 |website=[[UEFA]] |language=en |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120005731/https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/news/0273-14ac084902cc-9ef59ec61319-1000--euro-2024-host-cities-venue-guide/ |url-status=live }}</ref>