Editing Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact (section)

==Consequences in Finland, Poland, the Baltic States and Romania==
[[File:Гитлеровцы уничтожают пограничные знаки.jpg|thumb|Nazis destroying border markers on the Polish-German border, 1939]]

===Initial invasions===
{{Main|Invasion of Poland|Soviet invasion of Poland}}
{{See also|German–Soviet military parade in Brest-Litovsk}}
On 1 September 1939, [[invasion of Poland|Germany invaded Poland]] from the west.<ref name="stalinswars82"/> Within a few days, Germany began conducting massacres of Polish and Jewish civilians and POWs,{{Sfn|Datner|1962|p=11}}<ref name="Garvin5">{{Cite book|first=JL|last=Garvin|title=German Atrocities in Poland|publisher=Free Europe|page=15}}.</ref> which took place in over 30 towns and villages in the first month of the German occupation.{{Sfn|Datner|Gumkowski|Leszczynski|1962|pp=127–34}}<ref name="Świekatowo0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.um-swiecie.pl/index_en.php?cid=142&unroll=142|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331194029/http://www.um-swiecie.pl/index_en.php?cid=142&unroll=142|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 March 2009|title=Um Swiecie|place=[[Poland|PL]]}}.</ref><ref name="Gibert85">{{cite book|first=Martin|last=Gilbert|title=The Holocaust|publisher=Fontana|year=1990|isbn=0-00-637194-9|pages=85–88}}.</ref> The [[Luftwaffe]] also took part by strafing fleeing civilian refugees on roads and by carrying out a bombing campaign.{{Sfn|Davies|1986|p=437}}{{Sfn|Cyprian|Sawicki|1961|p=65}}{{Sfn|Datner|Gumkowski|Leszczynski|1962|p=18}} The Soviet Union assisted German air forces by allowing them to use signals broadcast by the Soviet radio station at [[Minsk]], allegedly "for urgent aeronautical experiments".<ref>АВП СССР, ф. 06, оп. 1, п. 8, д. 74, л. 20. л. 26. Item 4: "Hilger asked to pass the request of the German Air forces' Chief of Staff (the Germans wanted the radio station in Minsk, when it is idle, to start a continuous broadcast needed for urgent aeronautical experiments. This translation should contain the embedded call signs "Richard Wilhelm 1.0", and, in addition to that, to broadcast the word "Minsk" as frequent as possible. The Molotov's resolution on that document authorised broadcasting of the word "Minsk" only)."</ref>
Hitler declared at Danzig:
{{blockquote|Poland never will rise again in the [[Second Polish Republic|form]] of the [[Treaty of Versailles|Versailles treaty]]. That is guaranteed not only by [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], but also{{nbsp}}... [[Soviet Union|Russia]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://time.com/vault/issue/1939-10-02/page/22/|title=Seven Years War?|work=[[TIME Magazine|Time]]|date=2 October 1939|access-date=26 January 2021|archive-date=18 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918024831/https://time.com/vault/issue/1939-10-02/page/22/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

[[File:Davidlowrendezvous.png|thumb|left|Cartoon in the ''[[Evening Standard]]'' depicting Hitler greeting Stalin after the [[invasion of Poland]], with the words: "The scum of the earth, I believe?" To which Stalin replies: "The bloody assassin of the workers, I presume?";<ref>The cartoon is a parody of "[[Dr. Livingstone, I presume?]]", [[Henry Morton Stanley]]'s supposed greeting to Livingstone in November 1871. Artistic reconstructions of that event (see relevant articles) showed them raising their hats to one another in greeting.</ref> 20 September 1939.]]
[[File:Armia Czerwona, Wehrmacht 22.09.1939 wspólna parada.jpg|thumb|Common parade of Wehrmacht and Red Army in [[Brest (Belarus)|Brest]] at the end of the invasion of Poland. At the centre are Major General [[Heinz Guderian]] and Brigadier [[Semyon Krivoshein]].]]

In the opinion of [[Robert Service (historian)|Robert Service]], Stalin did not move instantly but was waiting to see whether the Germans would halt within the agreed area, and the Soviet Union also needed to secure the frontier in the [[Soviet–Japanese border conflicts]].{{Sfn|Service|2003|p=256}} On 17 September, the [[Red Army]] [[Soviet invasion of Poland|invaded Poland]], violating the 1932 [[Soviet–Polish Non-Aggression Pact]], and occupied the Polish territory assigned to it by the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. That was followed by co-ordination with German forces in Poland.{{Sfn|Roberts|2006|p=43}} Polish troops already fighting much stronger German forces on its west desperately tried to delay the capture of Warsaw. Consequently, Polish forces could not mount significant resistance against the Soviets.<ref>{{cite book|last=Zaloga|first=Steven J|title=Poland 1939|url=https://archive.org/details/polandbirthblitz00zalo|url-access=limited|publisher=Osprey|place=Botley, UK|year=2002|page=[https://archive.org/details/polandbirthblitz00zalo/page/n72 80]|isbn=9781846035623}}.</ref> On 18 September, ''[[The New York Times]]'' published an editorial arguing that "Hitlerism is brown communism, Stalinism is [[red fascism]]...The world will now understand that the only real 'ideological' issue is one between democracy, liberty and peace on the one hand and [[despotism]], terror and war on the other."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1939/09/18/archives/the-russian-betrayal.html|title=The Russian Betrayal|date=18 September 1939|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=11 February 2020|issn=0362-4331|url-access=subscription|archive-date=21 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021090823/https://www.nytimes.com/1939/09/18/archives/the-russian-betrayal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 21 September, Marshal of the Soviet Union [[Kliment Voroshilov|Voroshilov]], German military attaché General [[Ernst August Köstring|Köstring]], and other officers signed a formal agreement in Moscow co-ordinating military movements in Poland, including the "purging" of saboteurs and the Red Army assisting with destruction of the "enemy".{{Sfn|Nekrich|Ulam|Freeze|1997|p=130}} Joint German–Soviet parades were held in [[Lviv]] and [[Brest-Litovsk]], and the countries' military commanders met in the latter city.{{Sfn|Nekrich|Ulam|Freeze|1997|p=131}} Stalin had decided in August that he was going to liquidate the Polish state, and a German–Soviet meeting in September addressed the future structure of the "Polish region".{{Sfn|Nekrich|Ulam|Freeze|1997|p=131}} Soviet authorities immediately started a campaign of [[Sovietisation]]<ref name="Sowietyzacja">{{cite book|language=pl|title=Sowietyzacja Kresów Wschodnich II Rzeczypospolitej po 17 września 1939|year=1998|editor-first=Adam|editor-last=Sudoł|page=441|publisher=Wyższa Szkoła Pedagogiczna|location=Bydgoszcz|isbn=83-7096-281-5}}</ref><ref name="Relocation">{{cite book|title=Demography and National Security|year=2001|editor1-first=Myron|editor1-last=Weiner|editor2-first=Sharon Stanton|editor2-last=Russell|pages=308–15|chapter=Stalinist Forced Relocation Policies|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J9nuv7MGQ5MC&q=Sovietization&pg=PA309|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=1-57181-339-X}}</ref> of the newly acquired areas. The Soviets organised staged elections,<ref name="Elections">{{cite web|language=pl|first=Bartłomiej|last=Kozłowski|title="Wybory" do Zgromadzeń Ludowych Zachodniej Ukrainy i Zachodniej Białorusi|publisher=[[Naukowa i Akademicka Sieć Komputerowa|NASK]]|year=2005|work=Polska|location=[[Poland|PL]]|url=http://wiadomosci.polska.pl/kalendarz/kalendarium/article.htm?id=132394|access-date=13 March 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060628125314/http://wiadomosci.polska.pl/kalendarz/kalendarium/article.htm?id=132394|archive-date=28 June 2006}}</ref> the result of which was to become a legitimisation of the Soviet annexation of eastern Poland.<ref name="Revolution">{{cite book|first=Jan Tomasz|last=Gross|title=Revolution from Abroad|year=2003|page=396|publisher=Princeton University Press|location =Princeton|isbn=0-691-09603-1|author-link=Jan Tomasz Gross|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XKtOr4EXOWwC&q=October+22+1939&pg=PA71}}.</ref>

===Modification of secret protocols===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-013-0068-18A, Polen, Treffen deutscher und sowjetischer Soldaten.jpg|thumb|Soviet and German soldiers in [[Lublin]]]]
[[File:Mapa 2 paktu Ribbentrop-Mołotow.gif|thumb|"[[German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty|Second Ribbentrop–Molotov Pact]]" of 28 September 1939. Map of Poland signed by Stalin and Ribbentrop (focused on the ''[[Kresy]]'') adjusting the German-Soviet border in the aftermath of [[invasion of Poland|German and Soviet invasion of Poland]].]]

Eleven days after the Soviet invasion of the Polish [[Kresy]], the secret protocol of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact was modified by the [[German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/nazsov/gsbound.htm|title=German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty|publisher=Yale|access-date=2 May 2006|archive-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820083210/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/nazsov/gsbound.htm|url-status=dead}}.</ref> allotting Germany a larger part of Poland and transferring Lithuania, with the exception of the left bank of the River [[Šešupė|Scheschupe]], the "Lithuanian Strip", from the envisioned German sphere to the Soviet sphere.<ref name="wettig20">{{cite book|last=Wettig|first=Gerhard|title=Stalin and the Cold War in Europe|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Landham, [[Maryland|MD]], US|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7425-5542-6|pages=20–21}}</ref> On 28 September 1939, the Soviet Union and German Reich issued a joint declaration in which they declared:
{{Blockquote|After the Government of the German Reich and the Government of the USSR have, by means of the treaty signed today, definitively settled the problems arising from the collapse of the Polish state and have thereby created a sure foundation for lasting peace in the region, they mutually express their conviction that it would serve the true interest of all peoples to put an end to the state of war existing at present between Germany on the one side and England and France on the other. Both Governments will, therefore, direct their common efforts, jointly with other friendly powers if the occasion arises, toward attaining this goal as soon as possible.

Should, however, the efforts of the two Governments remain fruitless, this would demonstrate the fact that England and France are responsible for the continuation of the war, whereupon, in case of the continuation of the war, the Governments of Germany and of the USSR shall engage in mutual consultations with regard to necessary measures.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/nazsov/dec939.htm|title=Declaration of the Government of the German Reich and the Government of the USSR of September 28, 1939|publisher=Yale|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051126055850/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/nazsov/dec939.htm|archive-date=November 26, 2005|access-date=3 February 2006}}.</ref>}}

On 3 October, [[Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg]], the German ambassador in Moscow, informed [[Joachim Ribbentrop]] that the Soviet government was willing to cede the city of [[Vilnius]] and its environs. On 8 October 1939, a new German–Soviet agreement was reached by an exchange of letters between [[Vyacheslav Molotov]] and the German ambassador.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.lituanus.org/1989/89_2_02.htm|last=Domas|first=Krivickas|title=The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 1939: Legal and Political Consequences|journal=Lituanus|volume=34|date=Summer 1989|issn=0024-5089|issue=2|access-date=30 August 2009|archive-date=3 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303024606/http://www.lituanus.org/1989/89_2_02.htm|url-status=dead}}.</ref>

The [[Baltic states]] of [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]], and [[Lithuania]] were given no choice but to sign a so-called "Pact of Defence and Mutual Assistance", which permitted the Soviet Union to station troops in them.<ref name="wettig20" />

===Soviet war with Finland and Katyn massacre===
{{Main|Winter War|Katyn massacre}}
[[File:Lithuania territory 1939-1940.svg|thumb|Lithuania between 1939 and 1941. Germany had requested the territory west of the River Šešupė, the area in pink, in the German-Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty but relinquished its claims for a compensation of $7.5 million.]]

After the [[Baltic states]] had been forced to accept treaties,{{Sfn|Engle|Paananen|1985|p=6}} Stalin turned his sights on Finland and was confident that its capitulation could be attained without great effort.{{Sfn|Turtola|1999|pp =35–37}} The Soviets demanded territories on the [[Karelian Isthmus]], the islands of the [[Gulf of Finland]] and a military base near the Finnish capital, [[Helsinki]],{{Sfn|Turtola|1999|pp=32–33}}{{Sfn|Trotter|2002|pp=12–13}} which Finland rejected.{{Sfn|Edwards|2006|p=55}} The Soviets staged the [[shelling of Mainila]] on 26 November and used it as a pretext to withdraw from the [[Soviet–Finnish Non-Aggression Pact]].{{Sfn|Turtola|1999|pp=44–45}} On 30 November, the [[Red Army]] invaded Finland, launching the [[Winter War]] with the aim of annexing Finland into the Soviet Union.<ref>[[#Manninen2008|Manninen (2008)]], pp. 37, 42, 43, 46, 49</ref><ref>[[#Rentola|Rentola (2003)]] pp. 188–217</ref><ref>[[#Ravasz|Ravasz (2003)]] p. 3</ref> The Soviets formed the [[Finnish Democratic Republic]] to govern Finland after Soviet conquest.<ref name=Tannerv>{{cite book |last=Tanner|first=Väinö |title=The Winter War: Finland Against Russia, 1939-1940, Volume 312 |location=Palo Alto |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1956| page= 114 }}</ref><ref name=Trotter>{{cite book |last=Trotter|first=William|title=A Frozen Hell: The Russo-Finnish Winter War of 1939-1940  |publisher=Algonquin Books |year=2013| page=58,61 }}</ref><ref name=Kokoshin>{{cite book |last=Kokoshin|first=Andrei|title=Soviet Strategic Thought, 1917-91  |publisher=MIT Press |year=1998| page=93 }}</ref><ref name=Killham>{{cite book |last=Killham|first=EdwardL|title=The Nordic Way: A Path to Baltic Equilibrium  |publisher=Howells House |year=1993| page=78 }}</ref> The leader of the Leningrad Military District, [[Andrei Zhdanov]], commissioned a celebratory piece from [[Dmitri Shostakovich]], ''[[Suite on Finnish Themes]]'', to be performed as the marching bands of the Red Army would be parading through Helsinki.{{Sfn|Edwards|2006|p=98}} After Finnish defenses surprisingly held out for over three months and inflicted stiff losses on Soviet forces, under the command of [[Semyon Timoshenko]], the Soviets settled for an [[Moscow Peace Treaty|interim peace]]. Finland ceded parts of [[Karelia]], [[Kuusamo]], and [[Salla]] together with [[Hanko, Finland|Hanko]] leased as a [[Hanko Naval Base|naval base]] (9% of Finnish territory),<ref name="ckpipe">{{cite book|last=Kennedy-Pipe|first=Caroline|title=Stalin's Cold War|place=New York|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=1995|isbn=0-7190-4201-1}}.</ref>{{page needed|date=August 2020}} which resulted in approximately 422,000 Finns (12% of Finland's population) losing their homes.{{Sfn|Engle|Paananen|1985|pp=142–3}} Soviet official casualty counts in the war exceeded 200,000{{Sfn|Roberts|2006|p=52}} although Soviet Premier [[Nikita Khrushchev]] later claimed that the casualties may have been one million.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mosier|first=John|title=The Blitzkrieg Myth: How Hitler and the Allies Misread the Strategic Realities of World War II|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2004|isbn=0-06-000977-2|page=88}}.</ref>

Around that time, after several [[Gestapo–NKVD conferences]], Soviet [[NKVD]] officers also conducted lengthy interrogations of 300,000 Polish [[POWs]] in camps<ref name="PWN">{{cite web|url=http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3949396|language=pl|title=Obozy jenieckie żołnierzy polskich|trans-title=Prison camps for Polish soldiers|place=[[Poland|PL]]|publisher=[[Internetowa encyklopedia PWN]]|access-date=28 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104032626/http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3949396|archive-date=4 November 2013|url-status=dead}}.</ref><ref name="Wojsko">{{Cite book|url=http://www.dzp.wojsko.pl/dzial/wydawnictwa/zwarte/pdf/EHW_1_2005.pdf|contribution=Edukacja Humanistyczna w wojsku|year=2005|title=Dom wydawniczy Wojska Polskiego|issn=1734-6584|language=pl|trans-title=Official publication of the Polish Army|place=PL|issue=1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307151053/http://www.dzp.wojsko.pl/dzial/wydawnictwa/zwarte/pdf/EHW_1_2005.pdf|archive-date=7 March 2008|accessdate=23 January 2009}}.</ref><ref name="Молотов">{{Cite book|title=Молотов на V сессии Верховного Совета 31 октября цифра "примерно 250 тыс."|language=ru}}</ref><ref name="Отчёт">{{Cite book|place=[[Russia|RU]]|title=USA truth|publisher=By|contribution=Отчёт Украинского и Белорусского фронтов Красной Армии Мельтюхов, с. 367.|url=http://www.usatruth.by.ru/c2.files/t05.html|language=ru}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> that were a selection process to determine who would be killed.<ref name="Fischer">{{cite journal |publisher=CIA |author-link=Benjamin Fischer (historian) |last=Fischer |first=Benjamin B |url=https://www.cia.gov/csi/studies/winter99-00/art6.html |title=The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field |place=US |journal=[[Studies in Intelligence]] |date=Winter 1999–2000 |access-date=23 January 2009 |archive-date=9 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509174522/https://www.cia.gov/csi/studies/winter99-00/art6.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 5 March 1940, in what would later be known as the [[Katyn massacre]],<ref name="Fischer" /><ref name="Sanford">{{cite book|author-link=George Sanford (scholar)|last=Sanford|first=George|title=Katyn and the Soviet Massacre of 1940: Truth, Justice and Memory|isbn=978-0-415-33873-8|volume=20|series=BASEES – Russian and East European studies: British Association for Soviet, Slavonic and East European Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PZXvUuvfv-oC&q=Soviet+invasion+of+Poland+1939&pg=PA20|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|format=Google Books|pages=20–24}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=CIA|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/pdf/v43i3a06p.pdf|title=Stalin's Killing Field|access-date=19 July 2008|archive-date=9 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709144143/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/pdf/v43i3a06p.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> 22,000 members of the military as well as intellectuals were executed, labelled "nationalists and counterrevolutionaries" or kept at camps and prisons in western Ukraine and [[Belarus]].{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}

===Soviet Union occupies the Baltic states and part of Romania===
{{Main|Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)|Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina}}
[[File:WWII in Europe 1939-1941-en.svg|thumb|Soviet expansion in 1939-1940]]
In mid-June 1940, while international attention focused on the [[Battle of France|German invasion of France]], Soviet NKVD troops raided border posts in [[history of Lithuania#First Soviet occupation|Lithuania]], [[Estonia in World War II#Soviet occupation|Estonia]] and [[Latvia#Latvia in World War II|Latvia]].<ref name="wettig20" /><ref name="senn">{{cite book|last= Senn|first= Alfred Erich|title= Lithuania 1940: Revolution from Above|place= Amsterdam, New York|publisher= Rodopi|year= 2007|isbn= 978-90-420-2225-6}}.</ref>
State administrations were liquidated and replaced by Soviet cadres,<ref name="wettig20"/> who deported or killed 34,250 Latvians, 75,000 Lithuanians and almost 60,000 Estonians.{{Sfn|Montefiore|2005|p =334}} Elections took place, with a single pro-Soviet candidate listed for many positions, and the resulting people's assemblies immediately requesting admission into the Soviet Union, which was granted.<ref name="wettig20"/> (The Soviets annexed the whole of Lithuania, including the [[Šešupė]] area, which had been earmarked for Germany.)

Finally, on 26 June, four days after the [[Armistice of 22 June 1940|armistice between France and Nazi Germany]], the Soviet Union [[June 1940 Soviet Ultimatum|issued an ultimatum]] that demanded [[Bessarabia]] and unexpectedly [[Northern Bukovina]] from Romania.{{Sfn|Roberts|2006|p= 55}} Two days later, the Romanians acceded to the Soviet demands, and the Soviets occupied the territories. The [[Hertsa region]] was initially not requested by the Soviets but was later occupied by force after the Romanians had agreed to the initial Soviet demands.{{Sfn|Roberts|2006|p= 55}} The subsequent [[Soviet deportations from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina|waves of deportations]] began in [[Bessarabia]] and [[Northern Bukovina]].

===Beginnings of Operation Tannenberg and other Nazi atrocities===
{{Main|Holocaust in Nazi-occupied Poland|Operation Tannenberg|Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles}}
At the end of October 1939, Germany enacted the death penalty for disobedience to the German occupation.<ref name="Pogonowski4">{{cite book|first=Iwo|last=Pogonowski|title=Jews in Poland|url=https://archive.org/details/jewspolanddocume00pogo|url-access=limited|publisher=Hippocrene|year=1998|isbn=0-7818-0604-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/jewspolanddocume00pogo/page/n97 101]}}.</ref> Germany began a campaign of "[[Germanization]]", which meant assimilating the occupied territories politically, culturally, socially and economically into the German Reich.{{Sfn|Halecki|1983|p=312}}{{Sfn|Garlinski|1987|p=28}}<ref name="5MillionForgotten0">{{cite web|url=http://www.remember.org/forgotten/|title=Forgotten|publisher=Remember|access-date=23 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125075356/http://remember.org/forgotten|archive-date=25 January 2018|url-status=dead}}.</ref> 50,000–200,000 [[Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany for Germanization|Polish children were kidnapped]] to be Germanised.<ref name="ushmm0"/>{{Sfn|Cyprian|Sawicki|1961|pp=83–91}}
[[File:Polish Hostages preparing in Palmiry by Nazi-Germans for mass execution 2.jpg|thumb|Polish hostages being blindfolded during preparations for their [[Palmiry massacre|mass execution in Palmiry]], 1940]]

The elimination of Polish elites and intelligentsia was part of ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. The ''[[Intelligenzaktion]]'', a plan to eliminate the Polish intelligentsia, Poland's 'leadership class', took place soon after the [[German invasion of Poland]] and lasted from fall of 1939 to the spring of 1940. As the result of the operation, in ten regional actions, about 60,000 [[szlachta|Polish nobles]], teachers, social workers, priests, judges and political activists were killed.<ref>{{cite book|first=Maria|last=Wardzyńska|title=Był rok 1939 Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion|publisher=IPN Instytut Pamięci Narodowej|year=2009|isbn=978-83-7629-063-8|language=pl}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Meier|first=Anna|title=Die Intelligenzaktion: Die Vernichtung der polnischen Oberschicht im Gau Danzig-Westpreußen|publisher=[[VDM Verlag Dr. Müller]]|isbn=978-3-639-04721-9|year=2008}}.</ref> It was continued in May 1940, when Germany launched ''[[AB-Aktion]]'',<ref name="ushmm0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005473|title=USHMM|access-date=23 January 2009|archive-date=29 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329193633/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005473|url-status=live}}.</ref> More than 16,000 members of the intelligentsia were murdered in [[Operation Tannenberg]] alone.{{Sfn|Garlinski|1987|p=27}}

Germany also planned to incorporate all of the land into [[Nazi Germany]].{{Sfn|Garlinski|1987|p=28}} That effort resulted in the forced resettlement of two million Poles. Families were forced to travel in the severe winter of 1939–1940, leaving behind almost all of their possessions without compensation.{{Sfn|Garlinski|1987|p=28}} As part of Operation Tannenberg alone, 750,000 Polish peasants were forced to leave, and their property was given to Germans.{{Sfn|Davies|1986|p=446}} A further 330,000 were murdered.<ref name="Zamoyski0">{{cite book|first=Adam|last=Zamoyski|title=The Polish Way|publisher=John Murray|year=1989|isbn=0-7195-4674-5|page=358}}.</ref> Germany planned the eventual move of ethnic Poles to [[Siberia]].{{Sfn|Cyprian|Sawicki|1961|p=73}}{{Sfn|Datner|Gumkowski|Leszczynski|1962|p=8}}

Although Germany used forced labourers in most other occupied countries, Poles and other Slavs were viewed as inferior by Nazi propaganda and thus better suited for such duties.<ref name="ushmm0"/> Between 1 and 2.5&nbsp;million Polish citizens<ref name="ushmm0"/><ref name="MSZ0">{{cite web|publisher=MSZ|title=Nazi German Camps on Polish Soil During World War II|place=[[Poland|PL]]|url=http://www.msz.gov.pl/Nazi,German,Camps,on,Polish,Soil,,During,World,War,II,6465.html|access-date=23 January 2009|archive-date=7 September 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060907133748/http://www.msz.gov.pl/Nazi,German,Camps,on,Polish,Soil,,During,World,War,II,6465.html|url-status=live}}.</ref> were transported to the Reich for [[forced labour]].{{Sfn|Piotrowski|2007|p=22}}{{Sfn|Cyprian|Sawicki|1961|p=139}} All Polish males were made to perform forced labour.<ref name="ushmm0"/> While ethnic Poles were subject to selective persecution, all ethnic Jews were targeted by the Reich.<ref name="MSZ0"/> In the winter of 1939–40, about 100,000 Jews were thus deported to Poland.{{Sfn|Garlinski|1987|p=29}} They were initially gathered into massive urban ghettos,{{Sfn|Halecki|1983|p=313}} such as the 380,000 held in the [[Warsaw Ghetto]], where large numbers died of starvation and diseases under their harsh conditions, including 43,000 in the Warsaw Ghetto alone.<ref name="MSZ0" /><ref name=Berenbaum114>{{Cite book|author-link=Michael Berenbaum|last=Berenbaum|first=Michael|title=The World Must Know|publisher=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]]|year=2006|page=114}}.</ref><ref name=USHMMDeportationsWarsaw>{{cite web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005413|title=Deportations to and from the Warsaw Ghetto|place=US|publisher=Holocaust Memorial Museum|access-date=23 January 2009|archive-date=9 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709214900/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005413|url-status=live}}.</ref> Poles and ethnic Jews were imprisoned in nearly every camp of the [[Nazi concentration camps|extensive concentration camp system]] in German-occupied Poland and the Reich. In [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]], which began operating on 14 June 1940, 1.1&nbsp;million people perished.<ref name="harmon-drobnicki">{{cite book|first1=Brian|last1=Harmon|first2=John|last2=Drobnicki|url=http://nizkor.org/features/techniques-of-denial/appendix-2-01.html|title=Techniques of denial|contribution=Historical sources and the Auschwitz death toll estimates|publisher=The Nizkor Project|access-date=23 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116020410/http://nizkor.org/features/techniques-of-denial/appendix-2-01.html|archive-date=16 January 2009|url-status=dead}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Piper|first1=Franciszek|last2=Meyer|first2=Fritjof|language=de|url=http://en.auschwitz.org.pl/m/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=334&Itemid=8|title=Die Zahl der Opfer von Auschwitz. Neue Erkentnisse durch neue Archivfunde|journal=Osteuropa|volume=52, Jg|issue=5|year=2002|pages=631–41|type=review article|publisher=Auschwitz|place=[[Poland|PL]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521083735/http://en.auschwitz.org.pl/m/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=334&Itemid=8|archive-date=21 May 2011|accessdate=22 March 2009}}.</ref>

===Romania and Soviet republics===
[[File:PérdidasTerritorialesRumanas1940-ro.svg|thumb|Romania's territorial losses in the summer of 1940]]
{{Further|Second Vienna Award|Population transfer in the Soviet Union|Involuntary settlements in the Soviet Union}}
In the summer of 1940, fear of the Soviet Union, in conjunction with German support for the territorial demands of [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]]'s neighbours and the Romanian government's own miscalculations, resulted in more territorial losses for Romania. Between 28 June and 4 July, the [[Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina|Soviet Union occupied and annexed Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina]] and the [[Hertsa region]] of Romania.<ref>{{cite book|author=Vladimir Beshanov|title=Czerwony Blitzkrieg|publisher=Inicjał|place=[[Poland|PL]]|year=2008|pages=250–62|isbn=978-83-926205-2-5|language=pl}}.</ref>

On 30 August, Ribbentrop and Italian Foreign Minister [[Galeazzo Ciano]] issued the [[Second Vienna Award]], giving [[Northern Transylvania]] to Hungary. On 7 September, Romania ceded [[Southern Dobruja]] to Bulgaria ([[Axis powers|Axis]]-sponsored [[Treaty of Craiova]]).<ref name="wasserstein305">{{cite book|last=Wasserstein|first=Bernard|title=Barbarism and Civilization: A History of Europe in Our Time|place=Oxford University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-19-873074-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/barbarismciviliz00wass/page/305 305]|url=https://archive.org/details/barbarismciviliz00wass/page/305}}.</ref> After various events over the following months, Romania increasingly took on the aspect of a German-occupied country.<ref name="wasserstein305"/>

The Soviet-occupied territories were converted into [[republics of the Soviet Union]]. During the two years after the annexation, the Soviets arrested approximately 100,000 Polish citizens<ref name="Karta">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indeks.karta.org.pl/represje_sowieckie_4.html|title=Represje 1939–41 Aresztowani na Kresach Wschodnich|trans-title=Repressions 1939–41. Arrested on the Eastern Borderlands|publisher=Ośrodek Karta|place=PL|language=pl|access-date=15 November 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210055006/http://www.indeks.karta.org.pl/represje_sowieckie_4.html|archive-date=10 December 2006}}.</ref> and [[population transfer in the Soviet Union|deported]] between 350,000 and 1,500,000, of whom between 250,000 and 1,000,000 died, mostly civilians.{{sfn|Rieber|2000|pp=14, 32–37}}{{Efn|name="Number_of_deportees"|The actual number of deported in the period of 1939–1941 remains unknown and various estimates vary from 350,000<ref>{{cite book|title=Internetowa encyklopedia PWN|contribution-url=http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/53025_1.html|contribution=Okupacja Sowiecka w Polsce 1939–41|access-date=14 March 2006|language=pl|title-link=Internetowa encyklopedia PWN|archive-date=20 April 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050420212451/http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/53025_1.html|url-status=dead}}.</ref> to over 2 million, mostly World War II estimates by the underground. The earlier number is based on records made by the NKVD and does not include roughly 180,000 prisoners of war, who were also in Soviet captivity. Most modern historians estimate the number of all people deported from areas taken by Soviet Union during that period at between 800,000 and 1,500,000;<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Marek|last1=Wierzbicki|first2=Tadeusz M|last2=Płużański |date=March 2001|title=Wybiórcze traktowanie źródeł|journal=[[Tygodnik Solidarność]]|issue=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference|language=pl|first=Albin|last=Głowacki|date=September 2003|title=Formy, skala i konsekwencje sowieckich represji wobec Polaków w latach 1939–1941|conference=Okupacja sowiecka ziem polskich 1939–1941|editor-first=Piotr|editor-last=Chmielowiec|publisher=[[Instytut Pamięci Narodowej]]|location=Rzeszów-Warsaw|url=http://www.ipn.gov.pl/a_140803_przemysl_konf.html|isbn=83-89078-78-3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031003093600/http://www.ipn.gov.pl/a_140803_przemysl_konf.html|archive-date=3 October 2003|accessdate=23 January 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> for example, [[RJ Rummel]] gives the number of 1,200,000 million;<ref>{{cite book|last=Rummel |first=RJ|year=1990|title=Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sK5CJFpb2DAC&q=Soviet+genocide+Poland&pg=PA132|page=132|publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-1-4128-2750-8}}.</ref> Tony Kushner and Katharine Knox give 1,500,000.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Tony |last1=Kushner|first2=Katharine|last2=Knox|year=1999|title=Refugees in an Age of Genocide|isbn=978-0-7146-4783-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4iehSAirzqQC&q=Soviet+genocide+Poland&pg=PA219|page=219|publisher=Psychology Press }}</ref>}} Forced re-settlements into [[gulag]] [[labour camps]] and [[involuntary settlements in the Soviet Union|exile settlements in remote areas of the Soviet Union]] occurred.<ref name="Relocation"/> According to [[Norman Davies]],<ref name="Playground">{{cite book|first=Norman|last=Davies|title=God's Playground. A History of Poland|volume=2: 1795 to the Present|year=1982|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford|isbn=0-19-925340-4|pages=449–55|author-link=Norman Davies}}</ref> almost half of them were dead by July 1940.{{sfn|Wegner|1997|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7odfDAlO64UC&q=Davies+million+Sikorski&pg=PA78 78]}}

===Further secret protocol modifications settling borders and immigration issues===
{{Main|German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement}}
On 10 January 1941, Germany and the Soviet Union signed an [[German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement|agreement settling several ongoing issues]].{{Sfn|Ericson|1999|pp=150–3}} Secret protocols in the new agreement modified the "Secret Additional Protocols" of the [[German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty]], ceding the Lithuanian Strip to the Soviet Union in exchange for US$7.5&nbsp;million ({{Reichsmark|31.5&nbsp;million|link=yes}}).{{Sfn|Ericson|1999|pp=150–3}} The agreement formally set the border between Germany and the Soviet Union between the Igorka River and the Baltic Sea.<ref name="johari">{{cite book|last=Johari|first=JC|title=Soviet Diplomacy 1925–41|volume=1925–27|publisher=Anmol|year=2000|isbn=81-7488-491-2|pages=134–7}}.</ref> It also extended trade regulation of the [[German–Soviet Commercial Agreement (1940)|1940 German-Soviet Commercial Agreement]] until 1 August 1942, increased deliveries above the levels of the first year of that agreement,<ref name="johari"/> settled trading rights in the Baltics and Bessarabia, calculated the compensation for German property interests in the Baltic states that were now occupied by the Soviets and covered other issues.{{Sfn|Ericson|1999|pp=150–3}} It also covered the migration to Germany within {{frac|2|1|2}} months of ethnic Germans and German citizens in Soviet-held Baltic territories and the migration to the Soviet Union of Baltic and "White Russian" "nationals" in the German-held territories.<ref name="johari"/>