Editing Misogyny (section)

=== Christianity ===
{{Main|Women in Christianity}}
{{See also|Complementarianism|Christian egalitarianism|1 Timothy 2:12}}
[[File:Maria laach eva teufel.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Eve]] rides astride the Serpent on a capital in [[Maria Laach Abbey|Laach Abbey church]], 13th century.]]

Differences in tradition and interpretations of scripture have caused sects of [[Christianity]] to differ in their beliefs with regard to their treatment of women.

In ''The Troublesome Helpmate'', Katharine M. Rogers argues that Christianity is misogynistic, and she lists what she says are specific examples of misogyny in the [[Pauline epistles]]. She states:

{{blockquote|The foundations of early Christian misogyny—its guilt about sex, its insistence on female subjection, its dread of female seduction—are all in St. Paul's epistles.<ref>Rogers, Katharine M. ''The Troublesome Helpmate: A History of Misogyny in Literature,'' 1966.</ref>}}

In K. K. Ruthven's ''Feminist Literary Studies: An Introduction'', Ruthven makes reference to Rogers' book and argues that the "legacy of Christian misogyny was consolidated by the so-called 'Fathers' of the Church, like [[Tertullian]], who thought a woman was not only 'the gateway of the devil' but also 'a temple built over a sewer'."<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/feministliterary0000ruth_w8e4/page/83/mode/1up?view=theater |url-access=registration |page=83 |title=Feminist literary studies: An introduction |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-39852-7 |last1=Ruthven |first1=K. K |year=1990 }}</ref>

Several Christian institutions exclude women. For example, women are excluded from the [[Mount Athos]] region of Greece and from the governing [[hierarchy of the Catholic Church]]. Some Christian theologians, such as [[John Knox]] in his book ''[[The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women]]'', have written that women should be excluded from secular government institutions for religious reasons.
[[File:Personification of the seven deadly sins, Misogyny, Wellcome L0029327.jpg|thumb|left|upright=.8|Personification of the seven deadly sins, Mediaeval]]
However, some other scholars have argued that Christianity does not include misogynistic principles, or at least that a proper interpretation of Christianity would not include misogynistic principles. David M. Scholer, a biblical scholar at [[Fuller Theological Seminary]], stated that the verse [[Galatians 3:28]] ("There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is neither male nor female; for you are all one in Christ Jesus") is "the fundamental Pauline theological basis for the inclusion of women and men as equal and mutual partners in all of the ministries of the church."<ref name=CBMW>{{cite web |title=Galatians 3:28 – prooftext or context? |url=http://cbmw.org/staff/ |publisher=The council on biblical manhood and womanhood |access-date=6 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206045217/http://cbmw.org/staff/ |archive-date=6 February 2015}}</ref><ref>Hove, Richard. ''Equality in Christ? Galatians 3:28 and the Gender Dispute'' (Wheaton: Crossway, 1999), p. 17.</ref> In his book ''Equality in Christ? Galatians 3:28 and the Gender Dispute'', Richard Hove argues that—while Galatians 3:28 does mean that one's sex does not affect salvation—"there remains a pattern in which the wife is to emulate the church's submission to Christ<ref>''The Holy Bible'' {{bibleverse||Eph|5:21-33|KJV}}</ref> and the husband is to emulate Christ's love for the church."<ref>{{Cite book |title=Marriage and family in the biblical world |isbn=978-0-8308-2737-4 |last1=Campbell |first1=Ken M |date=1 October 2003 |publisher=InterVarsity Press}}</ref>

In ''Christian Men Who Hate Women'', clinical psychologist Margaret J. Rinck has written that [[Christian culture|Christian social culture]] often allows a misogynist "misuse of the biblical ideal of submission". However, she argues that this a distortion of the "healthy relationship of mutual submission" which is actually specified in Christian doctrine, where "[l]ove is based on a deep, mutual respect as the guiding principle behind all decisions, actions, and plans".<ref>{{cite book |title=Christian Men Who Hate Women: Healing Hurting Relationships |first=Margaret J. |last=Rinck |publisher=[[Zondervan]] |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-310-51751-1 |pages=81–85}}</ref> Similarly, Catholic scholar [[Christopher West]] argues that "male domination violates God's plan and is the specific result of sin".<ref>{{cite book |first=Christopher |last=West |others=with a foreword by George Weigel |title=Theology of the body explained : a commentary on John Paul II's "Gospel of the body" |year=2003 |publisher=Gracewing |location=Leominster, Herefordshire |isbn=978-0-85244-600-3}}</ref>