Editing Miscegenation (section)

===Admixture in the United States===
{{See also|Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas|Multiracial American}}
Genetic studies indicate that many African-Americans possess varying degrees of European admixture, although it is suggested that the Native American admixture in African-Americans is exaggerated. Some estimates from studies indicated that many of the African-Americans who took part, had European admixture ranging from 25 to 50% in the [[Northeast United States|Northeast]] and less than 10% in the [[South United States|South]] (where a vast majority of the population reside).<ref name=23andme>{{cite bioRxiv| last1=Bryc | first1=Katarzyna | last2=Durand | first2=Eric Y. | last3=Macpherson | first3=J. Michael | last4=Reich | first4=David | last5=Mountain | first5=Joanna L. | title=The genetic ancestry of African, Latino, and European Americans across the United States | date=18 September 2014 | biorxiv=10.1101/009340}}. [http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/suppl/2014/09/18/009340.DC1/009340-1.pdf "Supplemental Tables and Figures"]. p.&nbsp;42. 18 September 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theroot.com/exactly-how-black-is-black-america-1790895185|last=Gates|first=Henry Louis Jr.|date=11 February 2013|title=Exactly How 'Black' Is Black America?}}</ref> A 2003 study by [[Mark D. Shriver]] of a European-American sample found that the average admixture in the individuals who participated was 0.7% African and 3.2% Native American. However, 70% of the sample had no African admixture. The other 30% had African admixture ranging from 2% to 20% with an average of 2.3%. By extrapolating these figures to the whole population some scholars suggest that up to 74 million European-Americans may have African admixture in the same range (2–20%).<ref>{{cite web|author-link=Steve Sailer|author=Sailer, Steve|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2002/05/08/Analysis-White-prof-finds-hes-not-2/UPI-53561020909970|title=Analysis: White prof finds he's not.|work=[[United Press International]]|date=8 May 2002}}</ref><ref>Shriver, et al., "[http://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/38568440/admixture/shriver01.pdf Skin pigmentation, biogeographical ancestry and admixture mapping] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230031612/https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/38568440/admixture/shriver01.pdf |date=30 December 2014 }}, ''[[Human Genetics (journal)|Hum Genet]]'' (2003) 112 : 387–39.</ref> Recently J.T. Frudacas, Shriver's partner in DNA Print Genomics, contradicted him stating "Five percent of European Americans exhibit some detectable level of African ancestry."<ref>Jim Wooten, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20040803055203/https://abcnews.go.com/sections/Nightline/SciTech/racial_identity_031228.html Race Reversal Man Lives as ‘Black’ for 50 Years — Then Finds Out He's Probably Not], ''[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]'' (2004).</ref>

Historians estimate that 58% of enslaved women in the United States aged 15–30 years were sexually assaulted by their slave owners and other White men.<ref>{{cite news |title=Racism, African American Women, and Their Sexual and Reproductive Health: A Review of Historical and Contemporary Evidence and Implications for Health Equity |publisher=National Institutes of Health (NIH)|pmc=6167003 }}</ref> One such slave owner, [[Thomas Jefferson]], fathered his slave [[Sally Hemings]]' child.<ref>{{cite news |title=DNA Study Shows Jefferson Fathered His Slave's Child |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-nov-01-mn-38336-story.html |access-date=July 19, 2024 |newspaper=Low Angeles Times}}</ref> While publicly opposed to race mixing, in his ''[[Notes on the State of Virginia]]'' published in 1785, Jefferson wrote: "The improvement of the blacks in body and mind, in the first instance of their mixture with the whites, has been observed by every one, and proves that their inferiority is not the effect merely of their condition of life".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Higginbotham |first1=A. Leon |title=In the Matter of Color: Race and the American Legal Process. The Colonial Period |date=1980 |page=10}}</ref>

Within the African-American population, the amount of African admixture is directly correlated with darker skin since less selective pressure against dark skin is applied within the group of "non-passing" individuals. Thus, African-Americans may have a much wider range of African admixture (>0–100%), whereas European-Americans have a lower range (2–20%).
[[File:Alfred Jacob Miller - The Trapper's Bride - Walters 37194012.jpg|thumb|170px|''The Trapper's Bride'' shows a [[American Fur Company|trapper]], Francois, paying $600 in trade goods for an Indian woman to be his wife, {{Circa|1837}}.]]

A statistical analysis done in 1958 using historical census data and historical data on immigration and birth rates concluded that 21% of the white population had black ancestors. The growth in the White population could not be attributed to births in the White population and immigration from Europe alone, but had received significant contribution from the African American population as well.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stuckert|first=Robert P.|date=May 1908|title=African Ancestry of the White American Population|journal=The Ohio Journal of Science|volume=58|issue=3|page=155|url=https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/1811/4532/1/V58N03_155.pdf|access-date=13 July 2008}}</ref>
The author states in 1958:

{{blockquote|The data presented in this study indicate that the popular belief in the non-African background of white persons is invalid. Over twenty-eight million white persons are descendants of persons of African origin. Furthermore, the majority of the persons with African ancestry are classified as White.}}

A 2003 study on Y-chromosomes and mtDNA detected no African admixture in the European-Americans who took part in it. The sample included 628 European-American Y-chromosomes and mtDNA from 922 European-Americans<ref>{{Cite journal |pmc = 430174|year = 2003|last1 = Kayser|first1 = M.|title = Y Chromosome STR Haplotypes and the Genetic Structure of U.S. Populations of African, European, and Hispanic Ancestry|journal = Genome Research|volume = 13|issue = 4|pages = 624–634|last2 = Brauer|first2 = S.|last3 = Schädlich|first3 = H.|last4 = Prinz|first4 = M.|last5 = Batzer|first5 = M. A.|last6 = Zimmerman|first6 = P. A.|last7 = Boatin|first7 = B. A.|last8 = Stoneking|first8 = M.|pmid = 12671003|doi = 10.1101/gr.463003}}</ref> According to a genome-wide study by 23andMe, White Americans (European Americans) who participated were: "98.6 percent European, 0.19 percent African and 0.18 percent Native American on average."<ref name=23andme/>

In the United States, intermarriage among [[Filipino Americans|Filipinos]] with other races is common. They have the largest number of interracial marriages among Asian immigrant groups, as documented in California.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.asian-nation.org/interracial.shtml
|title=Interracial Dating & Marriage
|work=asian-nation.org
|access-date=30 August 2007}}</ref> It is also noted that 21.8% of Filipino Americans are of mixed blood, second among Asian Americans, and is the fastest growing.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.asian-nation.org/multiracial.shtml
|title=Multiracial / Hapa Asian Americans
|work=asian-nation.org
|access-date=30 August 2007}}</ref>