Editing Millstone (section)

=== The rotating millstone ===
{{Main articles|Quern-stone}}
This rotating millstone was spin by many ladies. The millstones name changes in many different parts of India. This is because there are so many different languages. The parts though will still stay the same.{{Cn|date=March 2025}}

It's also known as a "hand millstone", "arm millstone" or "moulinet", and in Latin as a "''molendinum bracchis''" or "''molendinum manuale''".{{Cn|date=March 2025}}

According to de Barry, the oldest circular stone millstone was unearthed in the ruins of the town of [[Olynthus]]: it was the millstone of an [[oil mill]], not a flour mill. Historians [[Marie-Claire Amouretti]] and Georges Comet<ref><sup>(fr)</sup> ''Le livre de l'olivier'', Marie-Claire Amouretti and Georges Comet, Éditions EDISUD (Aix-en-Provence, France), {{ISBN|2-7449-0198-9}}</ref> point out that these millstones pre-date the earliest known examples of circular grain mills. So it was probably through oil production that the first rotary crushing machine was introduced. [[Cereal|Cereals]] and other fruits and seeds followed.<ref><sup>[PDF]</sup> http://www.moulins-a-vent.net/Images/dossier-de-presse.pdf</ref>
[[File:Arab women working primitive grain mill LOC matpc.06018 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Arab women working primitive grain mill in Palestine (circa 1900)]]The oldest rotating millstone are thought to have originated in [[Spain]] 2,500 years ago(600 BC - 400 BC).<ref name="Ritti et al. 2007, 159">{{harvnb|Ritti|Grewe|Kessener|2007|p=158, 159}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alonso i Martínez |first=Natalia |date=2015 |title=«Moliendo en ibero, moliendo en griego»: aculturación y resistencia tecnológica en el Mediterráneo occidental durante la Edad del Hierro |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=5294175 |journal=Vegueta: Anuario de la Facultad de Geografía e Historia |issue=15 |pages=23–36 |issn=1133-598X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rodríguez Díaz |first=Alonso |last2=Pavón Soldevila |first2=Ignacio |last3=Duque Espino |first3=David M. |last4=Ponce de León Iglesias |first4=Moisés |date=2014 |title=Molinos y molienda en el mundo tartésico: el Guadiana y Tajo Medios |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4948508 |journal=Revista d'arqueologia de Ponent |issue=24 |pages=189–214 |issn=1131-883X}}</ref> It seems that the rotating millstone spread at the end of the 5th century BC from Spain,<ref name="Ritti et al. 2007, 159" /> and that it was directly derived from attempts to perfect the Olynthus mill.<ref name="pug"><sup>(fr)</sup> [http://www.pug.fr/extrait_ouvrage/Epain1.pdf Et l'Homme créa la meule]</ref> [[André Leroi-Gourhan]] states that "''the transformation of rectilinear reciprocating motion into circular-continuous motion leads to another form of milling''". Some authors do not agree on its geographical origin, located for some "''towards [[Carthage]] and the Syrian-Egyptian region''", "''simultaneously in Spain<ref><sup>(fr)</sup> Alonso Martinez, N. 1995. "Les premières meules rotatives manuelles dans le nord-est de la péninsule Iberique." In ''La Transmission des connaissances techniques'', edited by M.-Cl. Amouretti and G. Comet, 15–23. Cahiers d'histoire des techniques 3. Aix en Provence: L'Université de Provence.</ref><ref><sup>(fr)</sup> Rafael Frankel: The Olynthus Mill, Its Origin, and Diffusion: Typology and Distribution, in ''American Journal of Archaeology'', vol. 107, no. 1 (2003), {{p.|17-19}}</ref> and England''" for others, and even though it was found in China in the 1st century BC.<ref name="pug" /> According to L.A. Moritz, the rotating grain mill only appeared in the first century BC. He bases his demonstration on Latin texts, in particular those of [[Plautus]] and [[Cato the Elder|Cato]], and fixes the introduction of this type between the time of Plautus' death in 184BC and the composition of ''[[De agri cultura]]'', around 160 BC.<ref name="ista2" />

Several types of mills can be identified in Europe, depending on the morphology of the millstones used in these manually operated rotary mills.

The ''Celtic mill'' is made up of massive millstones, with a conical external profile and virtually flat active stone surfaces.

In [[Dacia]], between the 1st century B.C. and the 1st century A.D., the Celtic mill evolved into an intermediate type with two millstones superimposed and integrated, featuring a three-lobed feed opening. The more sharply tapered inner surfaces of the millstones ensured that the grains flowed more quickly under the effect of gravity, but the quality of the flour obtained remained mediocre. On the other hand, the effort required to operate the current millstone is considerable. The profile of the millstones makes them more difficult to cut, imposes a standardization of the millstones, and explains their diffusion and maintenance in a given region.<ref name="ista2" /> Some examples feature flatter wheels, with a much reduced taper, which reduces the stone mass. The speed of rotation became higher, providing a greater [[Gyroscope|gyroscopic effect]], but also requiring the installation of a system of claws fixed with molten lead on the upper side of the movable wheel, to hold it in place around the pivot.<ref name="colloque5" />

[[Roman Empire|Romanization]] led to the widespread use of hand mills, which were perfected in terms of volume by increasing diameter and reducing height and weight. The profile of the millstones became flatter, and a number of improvements were introduced, such as an upper wedge to center the movable wheel on the pivot.<ref name="colloque5" /> A device for adjusting the distance between the millstones (the ''anille'') also appeared, enabling grinding quality to be controlled (1st century B.C.), and radii cut into the millstone could accentuate the natural abrasiveness of the stone.<ref name="pug" /> Later developments, such as the installation of the [[Lever|double lever]] or the use of a [[Crankset|crank]] fixed to the center of the millstone (14th - 15th centuries), meant that this type of hand mill was used in the countryside until the 20th century.<ref name="colloque5" />

Because they wear more quickly, this type of millstone requires a stricter selection of stones, among which basalt has a privileged place. Most of the stone used in Roman times seems to have come from just a few quarries. In France, millstones from [[Cap d'Agde]] supplied [[Languedoc]] and [[Provence]]; further north, quarries from the [[Massif Central]] ([[Volvic]]) supplied a vast territory stretching from Aquitaine to the [[Switzerland|Helvetic valleys]]; finally, from the [[Saône]] valley to the German border, millstones came mainly from Eifel quarries ([[Mayen]]).<ref name="pug" />

In Europe as a whole, the hand mill remained the main milling method until the end of Antiquity, and then throughout the [[Middle Ages]]; it only began to give way to the advances of water and then wind mills.{{Cn|date=March 2025}}
<gallery mode="packed-overlay" heights="200" widths="250">
File:Mons_moulins_meule_ancienne.jpg|Celtic-type hand mill
File:Moulin_celtique-tag.svg|Cross-section of a Celtic arm mill '''1-''' Pivot '''2-''' Lever '''3-''' Running wheel '''4-''' Nether wheel
File:Moulin_dacique-tag.svg|Cross-section of a dacique arm mill '''1-''' Pivot '''2-''' Lever '''3-''' Running wheel '''4-''' Lying wheel '''5-''' Support
File:Roman_Hand_Mill_Sincrai.jpg|Roman hand mill with top shim to center the millstone wheel
File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-BB-152-11,_Tibetexpedition,_Tibeter_mit_Handmühle.jpg|Millstone wheel used in [[Tibet]] ([[Lhasa]], 1938)
File:Moulin_type-01.png|Schematic of an antique manual mill in action
File:Moulin_en_auge_type-01.jpg|Diagram of a manual mill in the [[Auge]] region, dating from the 13th to 18th centuries.<ref><sup>(fr)</sup> CHAUSSAT, Alain-Gilles. 2008. Les meules à main rotatives: Collection du musée de Saint-Michel-de-Monjoie dans la Manche, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, {{p.|120}}.[http://meule-a-main.blogspot.com/]</ref>
</gallery>