Editing Milk (section)

==Production worldwide==
{{Main|List of countries by milk production|Dairy farming}}
{{stack begin | float=left}}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Largest milk producers in the world<br />in 2018<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/3/ca3879en/ca3879en.pdf |title=Dairy Market Review – Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |publisher=[[FAO|UN Food & Agriculture Organization]]|access-date=June 28, 2020|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711085003/http://www.fao.org/3/ca3879en/ca3879en.pdf|archive-date=July 11, 2019}}</ref>
|-
! style="background:#fffdd0;"| Rank
! style="background:#fffdd0;"| Country
! style="background:#fffdd0;"| Production<br />([[metric ton]]s)
|-
| 1
| {{IND}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:186143000}}
|-
| –
| ''{{EU}}''
| style="text-align:right" | ''{{formatnum:167256000}}''
|-
| 2
| {{US}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:98646000}}
|-
| 3
| {{PAK}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:45623000}}
|-
| 4
| {{BRA}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:35539000}}
|-
| 5
| {{CHN}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:31592000}}
|-
| 6
| {{RUS}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:31527000}}
|-
| 7
| {{TUR}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:22791000}}
|-
| 8
| {{NZ}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:21372000}}
|- 
| colspan="2"; style="text-align:center" | '''World'''
| style="text-align:right" | '''{{formatnum:842989000}}'''
|}
{{stack end}}

{{stack begin | float=left}}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Top ten cow milk producers<br />in 2020<ref>{{cite web |url=http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx |title=Milk, whole fresh cow producers |publisher=[[FAO|UN Food & Agriculture Organization]] |access-date=April 22, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713020710/http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx |archive-date=July 13, 2011}}</ref>
|-
! style="background:lightblue;"| Rank
! style="background:lightblue;"| Country
! style="background:lightblue;"| Production<br />([[metric ton]]s)
|-
| 1
| {{USA}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:101251009}}
|-
| 2
| {{IND}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:87822387}}
|-
| 3
| {{BRA}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:36508411}}
|-
| 4
| {{CHN}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:34400000}}
|-
| 5
| {{DEU}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:33164910}}
|-
| 6
| {{RUS}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:31959801}}
|-
| 7
| {{FRA}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:25147310}}
|-
| 8
| {{PAK}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:22508000}}
|-
| 9
| {{NZL}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:21871305}}
|-
| 10
| {{TUR}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:20000000}}
|}
{{stack end}}
{{stack begin | float=left}}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Top ten sheep milk producers<br />in 2020<ref>{{cite web |url=http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx |title=Milk, whole fresh sheep producers |publisher=[[FAO|UN Food & Agriculture Organization]] |access-date=April 22, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713020710/http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx |archive-date=July 13, 2011}}</ref>
|-
! style="background:lightgreen;"| Rank
! style="background:lightgreen;"| Country
! style="background:lightgreen;"| Production<br />(metric tons)
|-
| 1
| {{CHN}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:1211831}}
|-
| 2
| {{TUR}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:1207427}}
|-
| 3
| {{GRC}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:945430}}
|-
| 4
| {{SYR}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:705582}}
|-
| 5
| {{DZA}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:592293}}
|-
| 6
| {{ESP}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:556250}}
|-
| 7
| {{ITA}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:481970}}
|-
| 8
| {{ROU}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:426000}}
|-
| 9
| {{SDN}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:416002}}
|-
| 10
| {{SOM}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:406541}}
|}
{{stack end}}
{{stack begin | float=left}}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Top ten goat milk producers<br />in 2020<ref>{{cite web |url=http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx |title=Milk, whole fresh goat producers |publisher=[[FAO|UN Food & Agriculture Organization]] |access-date=April 22, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713020710/http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx |archive-date=July 13, 2011}}</ref>
|-
! style="background:lightpink;"| Rank
! style="background:lightpink;"| Country
! style="background:lightpink;"| Production<br />(metric tons)
|-
| 1
| {{IND}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:5888077}}
|-
| 2
| {{BGD}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:2671911}}
|-
| 3
| {{SDN}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:1165043}}
|-
| 4
| {{PAK}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:965000}}
|-
| 5
| {{FRA}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:679300}}
|-
| 6
| {{TUR}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:554143}}
|-
| 7
| {{ESP}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:523900}}
|-
| 8
| {{SSD}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:467148}}
|-
| 9
| {{NER}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:407346}}
|-
| 10
| {{NLD}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:407000}}
|}
{{stack end}}
{{stack begin | float=left}}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Top ten buffalo milk producers<br />in 2020<ref>{{cite web |url=http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx |title=Milk, whole fresh buffalo producers |publisher=[[FAO|UN Food & Agriculture Organization]] |access-date=April 22, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713020710/http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx |archive-date=July 13, 2011}}</ref>
|-
! style="background:lightgrey;"| Rank
! style="background:lightgrey;"| Country
! style="background:lightgrey;"| Production<br />(metric tons)
|-
| 1
| {{IND}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:90026273}}
|-
| 2
| {{PAK}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:37256000}}
|-
| 3
| {{CHN}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:2919966}}
|-
| 4
| {{EGY}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:1747641}}
|-
| 5
| {{NPL}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:1380600}}
|-
| 6
| {{ITA}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:253830}}
|-
| 7
| {{MMR}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:205102}}
|-
| 8
| {{IRN}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:128000}}
|-
| 9
| {{MNG}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:104645}}
|-
| 10
| {{IDN}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:89983}}
|}
{{stack end}}
{{Clear}}

In 2012, the largest producer of milk and milk products was India, followed by the United States of America, China, Pakistan and Brazil.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dairy production and products: Milk production |url=http://www.fao.org/agriculture/dairy-gateway/milk-production/en/ |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization |access-date=December 3, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208213729/http://www.fao.org/agriculture/dairy-gateway/milk-production/en/ |archive-date=December 8, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> All 28 European Union members together produced {{convert|153.8|e6tonne|e6ST|abbr=off}} of milk in 2013, the largest by any [[Political union|politico]]-[[Economic union|economic]] union.<ref>{{cite web |title=Milk and milk product statistics{{nbsp}}– Statistics Explained |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Milk_and_milk_product_statistics#Milk_production |publisher=European Commission |access-date=December 3, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128075312/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Milk_and_milk_product_statistics#Milk_production |archive-date=November 28, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Increasing affluence in developing countries, as well as increased promotion of milk and milk products, has led to a rise in milk consumption in developing countries in recent years. In turn, the opportunities presented by these growing markets have attracted investments by [[multinational corporation|multinational]] dairy firms. Nevertheless, in many countries production remains on a small scale and presents significant opportunities for diversification of income sources by small farms.<ref>Henriksen, J. (2009) [https://web.archive.org/web/20170525161438/ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/011/i0521e/i0521e00.pdf "Milk for Health and Wealth".] FAO Diversification Booklet Series 6, Rome</ref> Local milk collection centers, where milk is collected and chilled prior to being transferred to urban dairies, are a good example of where farmers have been able to work on a [[cooperative]] basis, particularly in countries such as India.<ref>Sinha, O.P. (2007) [http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/ap299e/ap299e.pdf Agro-industries characterization and appraisal: Dairy in India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113195345/http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/ap299e/ap299e.pdf |date=November 13, 2012 }}, FAO, Rome</ref>

===Production yields===
FAO reports<ref name=gs12/> Israel dairy farms are the most productive in the world, with a yield of {{convert|12,546|kg|lbs}} milk per cow per year. This survey over 2001 and 2007 was conducted by ICAR (International Committee for Animal Recording)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icar.org/ |title=International Committee for Animal Recording |publisher=ICAR – icar.org |access-date=August 1, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731024430/http://www.icar.org/ |archive-date=July 31, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> across 17 developed countries. The survey found that the average herd size in these developed countries increased from 74 to 99 cows per herd between 2001 and 2007. A dairy farm had an average of 19 cows per herd in Norway, and 337 in New Zealand. Annual milk production in the same period increased from {{convert|7,726| to|8,550|kg|abbr=on}} per cow in these developed countries. The lowest average production was in New Zealand at {{convert|3,974|kg|lb|abbr=on}} per cow. The milk yield per cow depended on production systems, nutrition of the cows, and only to a minor extent different genetic potential of the animals. What the cow ate made the most impact on the production obtained. New Zealand cows with the lowest yield per year grazed all year, in contrast to Israel with the highest yield where the cows ate in barns with an energy-rich mixed diet.

The milk yield per cow in the United States was {{convert|9,954|kg|lb|abbr=on}} per year in 2010. In contrast, the milk yields per cow in India and China{{nbsp}}– the second and third largest producers{{nbsp}}– were respectively {{convert|1,154|kg|lb|abbr=on}} and {{convert|2,282|kg|lb|abbr=on}} per year.<ref>[http://faostat.fao.org/site/569/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=569#ancor FAOSTAT, Yield data 2010{{nbsp}}– Cow milk, whole, fresh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213172341/http://faostat.fao.org/site/569/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=569#ancor |date=February 13, 2012 }}, FAOSTAT, Food And Agricultural Organization of the United Nations; faostat.fao.org. Retrieved August 1, 2012.</ref>
[[File:World Emissions Intensity Of Agricultural Commodities (2021).svg|thumb|Sheep and cow milk have the third and fourth highest emissions intensity of any agricultural commodity.]]

The [[IPCC Sixth Assessment Report]] mentions the possibility that the already recorded stagnation of dairy production in both China and [[West Africa]] can be attributed to persistent increases in [[heat stress]] caused by [[climate change]].<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter5">Kerr R.B., Hasegawa T., Lasco R., Bhatt I., Deryng D., Farrell A., Gurney-Smith H., Ju H., Lluch-Cota S., Meza F., Nelson G., Neufeldt H., Thornton P., 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter05.pdf Chapter 5: Food, Fibre and Other Ecosystem Products] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514001636/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter05.pdf |date=May 14, 2023 }}. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228114918/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ |date=February 28, 2022 }} [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 1457–1579 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.012</ref>{{rp|747}} This is a plausible [[hypothesis]], because even ''mild'' heat stress can reduce daily yields: research in Sweden found that average daily temperatures of {{convert|20-25|C}} reduce daily milk yield per cow by 0.2&nbsp;kg, with the loss reaching 0.54&nbsp;kg for {{convert|25-30|C}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ahmed |first1=Haseeb |last2=Tamminen |first2=Lena-Mari |last3=Emanuelson |first3=Ulf |date=22 November 2022 |title=Temperature, productivity, and heat tolerance: Evidence from Swedish dairy production |journal=Climatic Change |language=en |volume=175 |issue=1–2 |pages=1269–1285 |doi=10.1007/s10584-022-03461-5 |bibcode=2022ClCh..175...10A |s2cid=253764271|doi-access=free }}</ref> Research in a humid tropical climate describes a more linear relationship, with every unit of heat stress reducing yield by 2.13%.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pramod |first1=S. |last2=Sahib |first2=Lasna |last3=Becha B |first3=Bibin |last4=Venkatachalapathy |first4=R. Thirupathy |date=3 January 2021 |title=Analysis of the effects of thermal stress on milk production in a humid tropical climate using linear and non-linear models |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11250-020-02525-x |journal=Tropical Animal Health and Production |language=en |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=1269–1285 |doi=10.1007/s11250-020-02525-x |pmid=33392887 |s2cid=255113614 |access-date=October 13, 2023 |archive-date=November 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106111323/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11250-020-02525-x |url-status=live }}</ref> In the [[intensive farming]] systems, daily milk yield per cow declines by 1.8&nbsp;kg during severe heat stress. In [[organic farming]] systems, the effect of heat stress on milk yields is limited, but milk ''quality'' suffers substantially, with lower fat and [[protein]] content.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Blanco-Penedo |first1=Isabel |last2=Velarde |first2=Antonio |last3=Kipling |first3=Richard P. |last4=Ruete |first4=Alejandro |date=25 August 2020 |title=Modeling heat stress under organic dairy farming conditions in warm temperate climates within the Mediterranean basin |journal=Climatic Change |language=en |volume=162 |issue=3 |pages=1269–1285 |doi=10.1007/s10584-020-02818-y |bibcode=2020ClCh..162.1269B |s2cid=221283658|doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.12327/909 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> In China, daily milk production per cow is already lower than the average by between 0.7 and 4&nbsp;kg in July (the hottest month of the year), and by 2070, it may decline by up to 50% (or 7.2&nbsp;kg) due to climate change.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ranjitkar |first1=Sailesh |last2=Bu |first2=Dengpan |last3=Van Wijk |first3=Mark |last4=Ma |first4=Ying |last5=Ma |first5=Lu |last6=Zhao |first6=Lianshen |last7=Shi |first7=Jianmin |last8=Liu |first8=Chousheng |last9=Xu |first9=Jianchu |date=2 April 2020 |title=Will heat stress take its toll on milk production in China? |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-020-02688-4 |journal=Climatic Change |language=en |volume=161 |issue=4 |pages=637–652 |doi=10.1007/s10584-020-02688-4 |bibcode=2020ClCh..161..637R |s2cid=214783104 |access-date=October 13, 2023 |archive-date=October 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029201854/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-020-02688-4 |url-status=live }}</ref> Heatwaves can also reduce milk yield, with particularly acute impacts if the heatwave lasts for four or more days, as at that point the cow's thermoregulation capacity is usually exhausted, and its core body temperature starts to increase.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Manica |first1=Emanuel |last2=Coltri |first2=Priscila Pereira |last3=Pacheco |first3=Verônica Madeira |last4=Martello |first4=Luciane Silva |date=6 October 2022 |title=Changes in the pattern of heat waves and the impacts on Holstein cows in a subtropical region |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00484-022-02374-3 |journal=International Journal of Biometeorology |language=en |volume=66 |issue=12 |pages=2477–2488 |doi=10.1007/s00484-022-02374-3 |pmid=36201039 |bibcode=2022IJBm...66.2477M |s2cid=252736195 |access-date=October 13, 2023 |archive-date=November 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108055649/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00484-022-02374-3 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Price===
[[File:Milk Prices.webp|thumb|300px|Milk price per gallon of whole milk]]
[[File:Corn vs Ethanol production.webp|thumb|300px|Corn vs ethanol production in the United States
{{legend|#FFD932|Total corn production ([[bushel]]s) (left)}}
{{legend|B51700|Corn used for ethanol fuel (bushels) (left)}}
{{legend-line|#313131 solid 3px|Percent of corn used for ethanol (right)}}
]]
It was reported in 2007 that with increased worldwide prosperity and the competition of bio-fuel production for feed stocks, both the demand for and the price of milk had substantially increased worldwide. Particularly notable was the rapid increase of consumption of milk in China and the rise of the price of milk in the United States above the government subsidized price.<ref>Wayne Arnold, "A Thirst for Milk Bred by New Wealth Sends Prices Soaring", [[The New York Times]] September 4, 2007.</ref> In 2010 the [[United States Department of Agriculture|Department of Agriculture]] predicted farmers would receive an average of {{convert|1.35|$/USgal|$/l $/impgal|lk=in}} of cow's milk, which is down {{convert|30|¢/USgal|¢/l ¢/impgal}} from 2007 and below the [[break-even]] point for many cattle farmers.<ref>{{cite news |first=Elizabeth |last=Bewley |title=Dairy farmers tackle big coops |newspaper=Burlington Free Press |location=Burlington, VT |pages=8B |date=June 24, 2010}}</ref>