Editing Migraine (section)

===Triggers===
Migraine may be induced by triggers, with some reporting it as an influence in a minority of cases<ref name=Bart10/> and others the majority.<ref name=Trigger09/> Many things such as fatigue, certain foods, alcohol, and weather have been labeled as triggers; however, the strength and significance of these relationships are uncertain.<ref name=Trigger09>{{cite journal | vauthors = Levy D, Strassman AM, Burstein R | title = A critical view on the role of migraine triggers in the genesis of migraine pain | journal = Headache | volume = 49 | issue = 6 | pages = 953–7 | date = June 2009 | pmid = 19545256 | doi = 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2009.01444.x | s2cid = 31707887 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Martin PR | title = Behavioral management of migraine headache triggers: learning to cope with triggers | journal = Current Pain and Headache Reports | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 221–7 | date = June 2010 | pmid = 20425190 | doi = 10.1007/s11916-010-0112-z | s2cid = 5511782 }}</ref> Most people with migraine report experiencing triggers.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pavlovic JM, Buse DC, Sollars CM, Haut S, Lipton RB | title = Trigger factors and premonitory features of migraine attacks: summary of studies | journal = Headache | volume = 54 | issue = 10 | pages = 1670–9 |year = 2014 | pmid = 25399858 | doi = 10.1111/head.12468 | s2cid = 25016889 }}</ref> Symptoms may start up to 24 hours after a trigger.<ref name=Bart10/>

Also, evidence shows a strong association between migraine and the quality of sleep, particularly poor subjective quality of sleep. The relationship seems to be bidirectional, as migraine frequency increases with low quality of sleep yet the underlying mechanism of this correlation remains poorly understood.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stanyer EC, Creeney H, Nesbitt AD, Holland PR, Hoffmann J | title = Subjective Sleep Quality and Sleep Architecture in Patients With Migraine: A Meta-analysis | journal = Neurology | volume = 97 | issue = 16 | pages = e1620–e1631 | date = October 2021 | pmid = 34551985 | pmc = 8548957 | doi = 10.1212/WNL.0000000000012701 }}</ref>

====Physiological aspects====
Common triggers quoted are stress, hunger, and fatigue (these equally contribute to [[tension headaches]]).<ref name=Trigger09/> Psychological stress has been reported as a factor by 50–80% of people.<ref name=Rad2013>{{cite journal | vauthors = Radat F | title = [Stress and migraine] | journal = Revue Neurologique | volume = 169 | issue = 5 | pages = 406–12 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23608071 | doi = 10.1016/j.neurol.2012.11.008 }}</ref> Migraine has also been associated with [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] and abuse.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Peterlin BL, Katsnelson MJ, Calhoun AH | title = The associations between migraine, unipolar psychiatric comorbidities, and stress-related disorders and the role of estrogen | journal = Current Pain and Headache Reports | volume = 13 | issue = 5 | pages = 404–12 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19728969 | pmc = 3972495 | doi = 10.1007/s11916-009-0066-1 }}</ref> Migraine episodes are more likely to occur around [[menstruation]].<ref name="Rad2013"/> Other hormonal influences, such as [[menarche]], [[oral contraceptive]] use, [[pregnancy]], perimenopause, and [[menopause]], also play a role.<ref name=Chai2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chai NC, Peterlin BL, Calhoun AH | title = Migraine and estrogen | journal = Current Opinion in Neurology | volume = 27 | issue = 3 | pages = 315–24 | date = June 2014 | pmid = 24792340 | pmc = 4102139 | doi = 10.1097/WCO.0000000000000091 }}</ref> These hormonal influences seem to play a greater role in migraine without aura.<ref name = "Rasmussen_2006" /> Migraine episodes typically do not occur during the [[second trimester|second]] and [[third trimester]]s of pregnancy, or following menopause.<ref name=Amin2009/>

====Dietary aspects====
Between 12% and 60% of people report foods as triggers.<ref name=Finocchi>{{cite journal | vauthors = Finocchi C, Sivori G | title = Food as trigger and aggravating factor of migraine | journal = Neurological Sciences | volume = 33 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = S77-80 | date = May 2012 | pmid = 22644176 | doi = 10.1007/s10072-012-1046-5 | s2cid = 19582697 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rockett FC, de Oliveira VR, Castro K, Chaves ML, Perla A, Perry ID | title = Dietary aspects of migraine trigger factors | journal = Nutrition Reviews | volume = 70 | issue = 6 | pages = 337–56 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22646127 | doi = 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00468.x | doi-access = free }}</ref>

There are many reports<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ghose K, Carroll JD | title = Mechanism of tyramine-induced migraine: similarity with dopamine and interactions with disulfiram and propranolol in migraine patients | journal = Neuropsychobiology | volume = 12 | issue = 2–3 | pages = 122–126 |year = 1984 | pmid = 6527752 | doi = 10.1159/000118123 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Moffett A, Swash M, Scott DF | title = Effect of tyramine in migraine: a double-blind study | journal = Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry | volume = 35 | issue = 4 | pages = 496–499 | date = August 1972 | pmid = 4559027 | pmc = 494110 | doi = 10.1136/jnnp.35.4.496 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tyramine and Migraines: What You Need to Know |url=https://www.excedrin.com/migraines/causes/tyramine-and-migraines/ |access-date=4 March 2022 |website=excedrin.com }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition |publisher=Academic Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-12-227055-0|edition=Second }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Özturan A, Şanlıer N, Coşkun Ö |title=The Relationship Between Migraine and Nutrition |url=https://jag.journalagent.com/tjn/pdfs/TJN_22_2_44_50&#91;A&#93;.pdf |journal=Turk J Neurol |year=2016 |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=44–50 |doi=10.4274/tnd.37132 |access-date=4 March 2022 |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823051112/https://jag.journalagent.com/tjn/pdfs/TJN_22_2_44_50%5BA%5D.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> that [[tyramine]]&nbsp;– which is naturally present in chocolate, alcoholic beverages, most cheeses, processed meats, and other foods&nbsp;– can trigger migraine symptoms in some individuals. [[Monosodium glutamate]] (MSG) has been reported as a trigger for migraine,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sun-Edelstein C, Mauskop A | title = Foods and supplements in the management of migraine headaches | journal = The Clinical Journal of Pain | volume = 25 | issue = 5 | pages = 446–452 | date = June 2009 | pmid = 19454881 | doi = 10.1097/AJP.0b013e31819a6f65 |url=http://www.trigemin.com/download/food-and-supplements-in-migraine-management.pdf | url-status = dead | s2cid = 3042635 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.530.1223 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813031041/http://www.trigemin.com/download/food-and-supplements-in-migraine-management.pdf<!--archive-url is useful as it provides access, while DOI is paywalled--> | archive-date = 13 August 2017 }}</ref> but a systematic review concluded that "a causal relationship between MSG and headache has not been proven... It would seem premature to conclude that the MSG present in food causes headache".<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Obayashi Y, Nagamura Y | title = Does monosodium glutamate really cause headache? : a systematic review of human studies | journal = The Journal of Headache and Pain | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | pages = 54 | date = 17 May 2016 | pmid = 27189588 | pmc = 4870486 | doi = 10.1186/s10194-016-0639-4 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref>

====Environmental aspects====
Migraines may be triggered by weather changes, including changes in temperature and barometric pressure.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Climate Change Might Be Affecting Your Headaches |url=https://www.pennmedicine.org/news/news-blog/2023/may/headache-and-climate-change |website=www.pennmedicine.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Cioffi |first1=I. |last2=Farella |first2=M. |last3=Chiodini |first3=P. |last4=Ammendola |first4=L. |last5=Capuozzo |first5=R. |last6=Klain |first6=C. |last7=Vollaro |first7=S. |last8=Michelotti |first8=A. |title=Effect of weather on temporal pain patterns in patients with temporomandibular disorders and migraine |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28244179/ |website=Journal of Oral Rehabilitation |pages=333–339 |doi=10.1111/joor.12498 |date=May 2017}}</ref>

A 2009 review on potential triggers in the indoor and outdoor environment previously concluded that while there were insufficient studies to confirm environmental factors as causing migraine, "migraineurs worldwide consistently report similar environmental triggers ... such as barometric pressure change, bright sunlight, flickering lights, air quality and odors".<ref name="Fri2009">{{cite journal |vauthors=Friedman DI, De ver Dye T |date=June 2009 |title=Migraine and the environment |journal=Headache |volume=49 |issue=6 |pages=941–52 |doi=10.1111/j.1526-4610.2009.01443.x |pmid=19545255 |doi-access=free |s2cid=29764274}}</ref>