Editing Michel de Montaigne (section)

==Montaigne's influence on psychology==
Although not a scientist, Montaigne made observations on topics in [[psychology]].<ref name="King">King, Brett; Viney, Wayne; Woody, William. ''A History of Psychology: Ideas and Context'', 4th ed., Pearson Education, Inc. 2009, p. 112.</ref> In his essays, he developed and explained his observations of these themes. His thoughts and ideas covered subjects such as thought, motivation, fear, happiness, child education, experience, and [[Action (philosophy)|human action]]. Montaigne's ideas have influenced psychology and are a part of its rich history.

===Child education===
Child education was among the psychological topics that he wrote about.<ref name="King"/> His essays ''On the Education of Children'', ''On Pedantry'', and ''On Experience'' explain the views he had on child education.<ref name="Hall1997">Hall, Michael L. ''Montaigne's Uses of Classical Learning''. "Journal of Education" 1997, Vol. 179 Issue 1, p. 61</ref>{{rp|61}}{{rp|62}}{{rp|70}} Some of his views on child education are still relevant today.<ref name="Ediger">Ediger, Marlow. ''Influence of ten leading educators on American education''. ''Education'' Vol. 118, Issue 2, p. 270</ref>

Montaigne's views on the education of children were opposed to the common educational practices of his day.<ref name="Hall1997"/>{{rp|63}}{{rp|67}} He found fault both with what was taught and how it was taught.<ref name="Hall1997"/>{{rp|62}} Much of education during Montaigne's time focused on reading the classics and learning through books.<ref name="Hall1997"/>{{rp|67}} Montaigne disagreed with learning strictly through books. He believed it was necessary to educate children in a variety of ways. He also disagreed with the way information was being presented to students. It was being presented in a way that encouraged students to take the information that was taught to them as absolute truth. Students were denied the chance to [[critical thinking|question the information]]; but Montaigne, in general, took the position that to learn truly, a student had to take the information and make it their own:<blockquote>Let the tutor make his charge pass everything through a sieve and lodge nothing in his head on mere authority and trust: let not Aristotle's principles be principles to him any more than those of the Stoics or Epicureans. Let this variety of ideas be set before him; he will choose if he can; if not, he will remain in doubt. Only the fools are certain and assured. "For doubting pleases me no less than knowing." [Dante]. For if he embraces Xenophon's and Plato's opinions by his own reasoning, they will no longer be theirs, they will be his. He who follows another follows nothing. He finds nothing; indeed he seeks nothing. "We are not under a king; let each one claim his own freedom." [Seneca]. . . . He must imbibe their way of thinking, not learn their precepts. And let him boldly forget, if he wants, where he got them, but let him know how to make them his own. Truth and reason are common to everyone, and no more belong to the man who first spoke them than to the man who says them later. It is no more according to Plato than according to me, since he and I see it in the same way. The bees plunder the flowers here and there, but afterward they make of them honey, which is all and purely their own, and no longer thyme and marjoram.<ref>https://media.bloomsbury.com/rep/files/primary-source-77-michel-de-montaigne-on-the-education-of-children.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Montaigne |first=Michel de |chapter=Of the education of children |title=The Complete Essays of Montaigne|publisher=The Great Books Foundation |year=1966 |location=Chicago |pages=31–32 |language=English |translator-last=Frame |translator-first=Donald M. |type=Reprinted from "Selected Essays" with the permission of the publisher, Walter J. Black, Inc.}}</ref></blockquote>At the foundation, Montaigne believed that the selection of a good tutor was important for the student to become well educated.<ref name="Hall1997"/>{{rp|66}} Education by a tutor was to be conducted at the pace of the student.<ref name="Hall1997"/>{{rp|67}} He believed that a tutor should be in dialogue with the student, letting the student speak first. The tutor also should allow for discussions and debates to be had. Such a dialogue was intended to create an environment in which students would teach themselves. They would be able to realize their mistakes and make corrections to them as necessary.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

Individualized learning was integral to his theory of child education. He argued that the student combines information already known with what is learned and forms a unique perspective on the newly learned information.<ref name="Worley">Worley, Virginia. ''Painting With Impasto: Metaphors, Mirrors, and Reflective Regression in Montagne's 'Of the Education of Children.' '' ''Educational Theory'', June 2012, Vol. 62 Issue 3, pp. 343–370.</ref>{{rp|356}} Montaigne also thought that tutors should encourage the natural curiosity of students and allow them to question things.<ref name="Hall1997"/>{{rp|68}} He postulated that successful students were those who were encouraged to question new information and study it for themselves, rather than simply accepting what they had heard from the authorities on any given topic. Montaigne believed that a child's curiosity could serve as an important teaching tool when the child is allowed to explore the things that the child is curious about.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

Experience also was a key element to learning for Montaigne. Tutors needed to teach students through experience rather than through the mere memorization of information often practised in book learning.<ref name="Hall1997"/>{{rp|62}}{{rp|67}} He argued that students would become passive adults, blindly obeying and lacking the ability to think on their own.<ref name="Worley"/>{{rp|354}} Nothing of importance would be retained and no abilities would be learned.<ref name="Hall1997"/>{{rp|62}} He believed that learning through experience was superior to learning through the use of books.<ref name="Ediger"/> For this reason he encouraged tutors to educate their students through practice, travel, and human interaction. In doing so, he argued that students would become active learners, who could claim knowledge for themselves.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

Montaigne's views on child education continue to have an influence in the present. Variations of Montaigne's ideas on education are incorporated into modern learning in some ways. He argued against the popular way of teaching in his day, encouraging individualized learning. He believed in the importance of experience, over book learning and memorization. Ultimately, Montaigne postulated that the point of education was to teach a student how to have a successful life by practising an active and socially interactive lifestyle.<ref name="Worley"/>{{rp|355}}