Editing Michael Halliday (section)

==Ordered typology of systems==
Halliday proposed an '''ordered typology of systems''' to account for different types of [[Complex system|complex systems]] operating in different phenomenal realms.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Halliday |first=M. A. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6g0dCgAAQBAJ |title=On Grammar (Collected Works of M. A. K. Halliday: Volume 1) |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-4411-2057-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Halliday |first=M.A.K. |date=2007-02-17 |title=On matter and meaning: the two realms of human experience |url=https://journal.equinoxpub.com/LHS/article/view/12718 |journal=Linguistics and the Human Sciences |volume=1 |issue=1 |doi=10.1558/lhs.2005.1.1.59 |issn=1743-1662}}</ref>

He proposed four types of system, in order of increasing complexity—systems of a higher order encompass systems of a lower order:<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Matthiessen |first1=Christian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eG1zySXdR4EC |title=Key Terms in Systemic Functional Linguistics |last2=Teruya |first2=Kazuhiro |last3=Lam |first3=Marvin |date=2010-04-29 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-84706-440-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wei |first=Ruby Rong |date=2021-08-01 |title=An interpersonal framework of international ecological discourse |journal=Journal of World Languages |language=en |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=305–333 |doi=10.1515/jwl-2020-0004 |issn=2169-8260|doi-access=free }}</ref>

* Material systems:

# Physical systems: First-order systems, the oldest and widest type of system, having emerged with the [[Big Bang]]. They are organized by [[Composition (objects)|composition]] and governed by the [[laws of physics]].
# Biological systems: Second-order systems. They are defined as physical systems plus [[life]], making [[individuation]] and [[evolution]] possible. They are organized by [[Biological organisation#Levels|functional composition]] (e.g. an [[Organ (biology)|organ]] is a group of [[Tissue (biology)|tissues]] serving a similar function).

* Immaterial systems:
# Social systems: Third-order systems. They are biological systems plus [[social order]] (or value), organizing biological [[Population|populations]] (human or otherwise) into [[Social group|social groups]] and defining the [[division of labour]] among them.
# Semiotic systems: Fourth order systems. They are social systems plus [[Semantics|meaning]], such as verbal language, gesture, posture, dress, painting, architecture, etc. They further divide into primary semiotic systems, which can only carry meaning, and high-order semiotic systems, which can create meaning.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429623059 |title=Approaches to Specialized Genres |date=2020-12-29 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-05335-1 |editor-last=Lin |editor-first=Kathy Ling |edition=1 |language=en |doi=10.4324/9780429053351-3 |editor-last2=Mwinlaaru |editor-first2=Isaac N. |editor-last3=Tay |editor-first3=Dennis}}</ref>