Editing Meditation (section)

====Focused and open methods====
In the West, meditation techniques have often been classified in two broad categories, which in actual practice are often combined: focused (or concentrative) meditation and open monitoring (or mindfulness) meditation:<ref name="lutz08">{{cite journal|last1=Lutz|first1=Antoine|last2=Slagter|first2=Heleen A.|last3=Dunne|first3=John D.|last4=Davidson|first4=Richard J.|date=April 2008|title=Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation|journal=Trends in Cognitive Sciences|volume=12|issue=4|pages=163–69|doi=10.1016/j.tics.2008.01.005|pmc=2693206|pmid=18329323|quote=The term 'meditation' refers to a broad variety of practices...In order to narrow the explanandum to a more tractable scope, this article uses Buddhist contemplative techniques and their clinical secular derivatives as a paradigmatic framework (see e.g., 9,10 or 7,9 for reviews including other types of techniques, such as Yoga and Transcendental Meditation). Among the wide range of practices within the Buddhist tradition, we will further narrow this review to two common styles of meditation, FA and OM (see box 1–box 2), that are often combined, whether in a single session or over the course of practitioner's training. These styles are found with some variation in several meditation traditions, including Zen, Vipassanā and Tibetan Buddhism (e.g. 7,15,16)....The first style, FA meditation, entails voluntary focusing attention on a chosen object in a sustained fashion. The second style, OM meditation, involves non-reactively monitoring the content of experience from moment to moment, primarily as a means to recognize the nature of emotional and cognitive patterns.}}</ref>
{{blockquote|Direction of mental attention... A practitioner can focus intensively on one particular object (so-called ''concentrative meditation''), on all mental events that enter the field of awareness (so-called ''mindfulness meditation''), or both specific focal points and the field of awareness.{{sfn|Bond|Ospina|Hooton|Bialy|2009|ps=none|loc=p. 130: "The differences and similarities among these techniques is often explained in the Western meditation literature in terms of the direction of mental attention (Koshikawa & Ichii, 1996; Naranjo, 1971; Orenstein, 1971): A practitioner can focus intensively on one particular object (so-called ''concentrative meditation''), on all mental events that enter the field of awareness (so-called ''mindfulness meditation''), or both specific focal points and the field of awareness (Orenstein, 1971)."}} }}Focused methods include [[Anapanasati|paying attention to the breath]], to an idea or feeling (such as ''[[mettā]]'' – loving-kindness), to a ''[[kōan]]'', or to a ''mantra'' (such as in [[Transcendental Meditation|transcendental meditation]]), and single point meditation.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bcnJAAAAQBAJ&q=bhagavad+gita |title=The Bhagavad Gita: (Classics of Indian Spirituality) |first=Eknath |last=Easwaran |year=2018 |publisher=Nilgiri Press |isbn=978-1-58638-019-9 |access-date=2020-10-27 |archive-date=2023-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317095221/https://books.google.com/books?id=bcnJAAAAQBAJ&q=bhagavad+gita |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lamayeshe.com/article/developing-single-pointed-concentration|title=Developing Single-pointed Concentration|last=lywa|date=2 April 2015|quote=Single-pointed concentration ([[samadhi]]) is a meditative power that is useful in either of these two types of meditation. However, in order to develop samadhi itself we must cultivate principally concentration meditation. In terms of practice, this means that we must choose an object of concentration and then meditate single-pointedly on it every day until the power of samadhi is attained.|access-date=8 May 2018|archive-date=16 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816155540/http://www.lamayeshe.com/article/developing-single-pointed-concentration|url-status=live}}</ref> Open monitoring methods include [[mindfulness]], ''[[shikantaza]]'' and other [[awareness]] states.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meditation-research.org.uk/2013/07/advanced-tibetan-buddhist-meditation-practice-raises-body-temperature-part-2/|title=Advanced Tibetan Buddhist meditation practice raises body temperature – Part 2|last=Malinowski|first=Peter|website=meditation-research.org.uk|date=19 July 2013|access-date=8 May 2018|archive-date=22 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422054041/http://meditation-research.org.uk/2013/07/advanced-tibetan-buddhist-meditation-practice-raises-body-temperature-part-2/|url-status=live}}</ref>