Editing Marxism–Leninism (section)

=== Socialism in one country (1928–1944) ===
{{Main|Socialism in one country}}
{{Stalinism sidebar}}
Beginning in 1928, Stalin's [[five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union]] achieved the rapid industrialisation (coal, iron and steel, electricity and petroleum, among others) and the collectivisation of agriculture.{{sfn|Lee|2000|p=49}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Hobsbawm |first=Eric |author-link=Eric Hobsbawm |date=1996 |title=The Age of Extremes: A History of the World, 1914–1991 |pages=380–381}}</ref> It achieved 23.6% of collectivisation within two years (1930) and 98.0% of collectivisation within thirteen years (1941).{{sfn|Lee|2000|p=60}} As the revolutionary vanguard, the communist party organised Russian society to realise rapid industrialisation programs as defence against Western interference with socialism in Bolshevik Russia. The five-year plans were prepared in the 1920s whilst the Bolshevik government fought the internal Russian Civil War (1917–1922) and repelled the external Allied intervention to the Russian Civil War (1918–1925). Vast industrialisation was initiated mostly based with a focus on [[heavy industry]].{{sfn|Lee|2000|p=59}} The [[Cultural revolution in the Soviet Union]] focused on restructuring culture and society.<ref name="c268">{{cite journal | last=David-Fox | first=Michael | title=What Is Cultural Revolution? | journal=The Russian Review | publisher=[Wiley, The Editors and Board of Trustees of the Russian Review] | volume=58 | issue=2 | year=1999 | issn=0036-0341 | jstor=2679573 | pages=181–201 | doi=10.1111/0036-0341.651999065 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2679573 | access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref>

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R85625, Sowjetunion, Hüttenkombinat in Magnitogorsk.jpg|thumb|left|A 1929 metallurgical combine in [[Magnitogorsk]] demonstrates the Soviet Union's [[History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)#Rapid industrialization|rapid industrialisation]] in the 1920s and 1930s.]]
During the 1930s, the rapid industrialisation of the country accelerated the Soviet people's sociological transition from poverty to relative plenty when politically illiterate peasants passed from Tsarist [[serfdom]] to self-determination and became politically aware urban citizens.{{sfn|Lee|2000|p=62}} The Marxist–Leninist economic régime modernised Russia from the illiterate, peasant society characteristic of monarchy to the [[Literacy|literate]], socialist society of educated farmers and industrial workers. Industrialisation led to a massive [[urbanisation]] in the country.{{sfn|Lee|2000|p=62}} [[Unemployment]] was virtually eliminated in the country during the 1930s.{{sfn|Lee|2000|p=62}} However, this rapid industrialisation also resulted in the [[Soviet famine of 1930–1933]] that killed millions.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Courtois |first1=Stéphane |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1jsgYCoRioC&pg=PA206 |title=Livre noir du Communisme: crimes, terreur, répression |language=fr |trans-title=Black Book of Communism: crimes, terror, repression |last2=Mark Kramer |date=15 October 1999 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-07608-2 |page=206 |access-date=25 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622213827/https://books.google.com/books?id=H1jsgYCoRioC&pg=PA206 |archive-date=22 June 2020 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9780230273979 |title=The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture, 1931–1933 |year=2010 |language=en |doi=10.1057/9780230273979 |last1=Wheatcroft |first1=Stephen G. |author1-link=Stephen G. Wheatcroft |last2=Davies |first2=R. W. |author2-link=R. W. Davies |isbn=978-0-230-27397-9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180611151537/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9780230273979 |archive-date=11 June 2018}}</ref>

Social developments in the Soviet Union included the relinquishment of the relaxed social control and allowance of experimentation under Lenin to Stalin's promotion of a rigid and authoritarian society based upon discipline, mixing traditional Russian values with Stalin's interpretation of Marxism.{{sfn|Lee|2000|p=63}} Organised religion was repressed, especially minority religious groups.{{sfn|Lee|2000|p=63}} Education was transformed. Under Lenin, the education system allowed relaxed discipline in schools that became based upon Marxist theory, but Stalin reversed this in 1934 with a conservative approach taken with the reintroduction of formal learning, the use of examinations and grades, the assertion of full authority of the teacher and the introduction of school uniforms.{{sfn|Lee|2000|p=63}} Art and culture became strictly regulated under the principles of [[socialist realism]] and Russian traditions that Stalin admired were allowed to continue.{{sfn|Lee|2000|p=63}}

Foreign policy in the Soviet Union from 1929 to 1941 resulted in substantial changes in the Soviet Union's approach to its foreign policy.{{sfn|Lee|2000|p=73}} In 1933, the Marxist–Leninist geopolitical perspective was that the Soviet Union was surrounded by capitalist and anti-communist enemies. As a result, the election of [[Adolf Hitler]] and his [[Nazi Party]] government in Germany initially caused the Soviet Union to sever diplomatic relations that had been established in the 1920s. In 1938, Stalin accommodated the Nazis and the anti-communist West by not defending Czechoslovakia, allowing Hitler's threat of pre-emptive war for the [[Sudetenland]] to annex the land and "rescue the oppressed German peoples" living in Czecho.{{sfn|Lee|2000|p=74}}

To challenge [[Nazi Germany]]'s bid for European empire and hegemony, Stalin promoted [[Anti-fascism|anti-fascist]] front organisations to encourage European socialists and democrats to join the Soviet communists to fight throughout Nazi-occupied Europe, creating agreements with France to challenge Germany.{{sfn|Lee|2000|p=74}} After Germany and Britain signed the [[Munich Agreement]] (29 September 1938) which allowed the [[German occupation of Czechoslovakia]] (1938–1945), Stalin adopted pro-German policies for the Soviet Union's dealings with Nazi Germany.{{sfn|Lee|2000|p=74}} In 1939, the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany agreed to the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact|Treaty of Non-aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] (Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, 23 August 1939) and to jointly [[Invasion of Poland|invade and partition Poland]], by way of which Nazi Germany started the Second World War (1 September 1939).{{sfn|Lee|2000|p=74–75}}

In the 1941–1942 period of the [[Great Patriotic War]], the [[German invasion of the Soviet Union]] (Operation Barbarossa, 22 June 1941) was ineffectively opposed by the [[Red Army]], who were poorly led, ill-trained and under-equipped. As a result, they fought poorly and suffered great losses of soldiers (killed, wounded and captured). The weakness of the Red Army was partly consequence of the [[Great Purge]] (1936–1938) of senior officers and career soldiers whom Stalin considered politically unreliable.{{sfn|Lee|2000|p=80}} Strategically, the [[Wehrmacht]]'s extensive and effective attack threatened the territorial integrity of the Soviet Union and the political integrity of Stalin's model of a Marxist–Leninist state, when the Nazis were initially welcomed as liberators by the anti-communist and nationalist populations in the [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic]], the [[Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic]] and the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]].

The anti-Soviet nationalists' [[Collaborationism|collaboration]] with the Nazi's lasted until the {{lang|de|[[Schutzstaffel]]}} and the {{lang|de|[[Einsatzgruppen]]}} began their {{lang|de|[[Lebensraum]]}} killings of the Jewish populations, the local communists, the civil and community leaders—the [[Holocaust]] meant to realise the Nazi German colonisation of Bolshevik Russia. In response, Stalin ordered the Red Army to fight a [[total war]] against the Germanic invaders who would exterminate Slavic Russia. Hitler's attack against the Soviet Union (Nazi Germany's erstwhile ally) realigned Stalin's political priorities, from the repression of internal enemies to the existential defence against external attack. The pragmatic Stalin then entered the Soviet Union to the [[Allies of World War II|Grand Alliance]], a common front against the [[Axis Powers]] (Nazi Germany, [[Kingdom of Italy under Fascism (1922–1943)|Fascist Italy]] and [[Imperial Japan]]).

[[File:Long-march.jpg|thumb|A [[Chinese Communist Party]] cadre-leader addresses survivors of the 1934–1935 [[Long March]].]]
In the continental European countries occupied by the [[Axis powers]], the native communist party usually led the armed resistance ([[guerrilla warfare]] and [[urban guerrilla warfare]]) against fascist military occupation. In Mediterranean Europe, the communist [[Yugoslav Partisans]] led by [[Josip Broz Tito]] effectively resisted the German Nazi and Italian Fascist occupation. In the 1943–1944 period, the Yugoslav Partisans liberated territories with Red Army assistance and established the communist political authority that became the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]. To end the Imperial Japanese occupation of China in continental Asia, Stalin ordered [[Mao Zedong]] and the [[Chinese Communist Party]] to temporarily cease the [[Chinese Civil War]] (1927–1949) against [[Chiang Kai-shek]] and the anti-communist [[Kuomintang]] as the [[Second United Front]] in the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] (1937–1945).

In 1943, the Red Army began to repel the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union, especially at the [[Battle of Stalingrad]] (23 August 1942 – 2 February 1943) and at the [[Battle of Kursk]] (5 July – 23 August 1943). The Red Army then repelled the Nazi and Fascist occupation armies from Eastern Europe until the Red Army decisively defeated Nazi Germany in the [[Battle of Berlin|Berlin Strategic Offensive Operation]] (16 April–2 May 1945).{{sfn|Lee|2000|p=81}} On concluding the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945), the Soviet Union was a military superpower with a say in determining the geopolitical order of the world.{{sfn|Lee|2000|p=81}} Apart from the failed [[Third Period]] policy in the early 1930s, Marxist–Leninists played an important role in [[anti-fascist]] [[resistance movement]]s, with the Soviet Union contributing to the Allied victory in World War II. In accordance with the three-power [[Yalta Agreement]] (4–11 February 1945), the Soviet Union purged native fascist [[Collaborationism|collaborators]] and these in [[Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy|collaboration with the Axis Powers]] from the Eastern European countries occupied by the Axis Powers and installed native Marxist–Leninist governments.