Editing Marcus Garvey (section)

====Success and obstacles====
[[File:Marcus Garvey speaking at Liberty Hall, Harlem, 1920.png|thumb|upright|Garvey speaking at Liberty Hall, Harlem, in 1920]]
UNIA grew rapidly and in just over 18 months it had branches in 25 U.S. states, as well as divisions in the West Indies, Central America, and West Africa.{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=164}} The exact membership is not known, although Garvey—who often exaggerated numbers—claimed that by June 1919 it had two million members.{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=164}} It remained smaller than the better established [[National Association for the Advancement of Colored People]] (NAACP),{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=164}} although there was some crossover in membership of the two groups.{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=299}} The NAACP and UNIA differed in their approach; while the NAACP was a multi-racial organization which promoted racial integration, UNIA had a black-only membership policy. The NAACP focused its attention on what it termed the "[[The Talented Tenth|talented tenth]]" of the African-American population, such as doctors, lawyers, and teachers, whereas UNIA included many poorer people and Afro-Caribbean migrants in its ranks, seeking to project an image of itself as a mass organization.{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=165}} To promote his views to a wide audience, Garvey took to shouting slogans from a megaphone as he was driven through Harlem in a [[Cadillac]].{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=174}}

There were tensions between UNIA and the NAACP and the latter's supporters accused Garvey of stymieing their efforts at bringing about racial integration in the U.S.{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=303}} Garvey was dismissive of the NAACP leader [[W. E. B. Du Bois]], and in one issue of the ''Negro World'' called him a "reactionary under [the] pay of white men".{{sfn|Grant|2008|pp=181–182}} Du Bois generally tried to ignore Garvey,{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=223}} regarding him as a [[demagoguery|demagogue]],{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=326}} but at the same time wanted to learn all he could about Garvey's movement.{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=248}} In 1921, Garvey twice reached out to Du Bois, asking him to contribute to UNIA publications, but the offer was rebuffed.{{sfn|Grant|2008|pp=302–303}} Their relationship became acrimonious; in 1923, Du Bois described Garvey as "a little fat black man, ugly but with intelligent eyes and big head".{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=298}} By 1924, historian [[Colin Grant (author)|Colin Grant]] has suggested, the two hated each other.{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=298}}

UNIA established a restaurant and ice cream parlor at 56 West 135th Street,{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=155}} and also launched a millinery store selling hats.{{sfnm|1a1=Cronon|1y=1955|1p=61|2a1=Grant|2y=2008|2p=186}} With an increased income coming in through UNIA, Garvey moved to a new residence at 238 West 131st Street;{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=165}} in 1919, a young middle-class Jamaican migrant, [[Amy Jacques Garvey|Amy Jacques]], became his personal secretary.{{sfn|Grant|2008|pp=210–212}} UNIA also obtained a partly-constructed church building at 114 West 138 Street in Harlem, which Garvey named "Liberty Hall" after [[Liberty Hall|its namesake]] in [[Dublin]], Ireland, which had been established during the [[Easter Rising]] of 1916.{{sfnm|1a1=Cronon|1y=1955|1p=49|2a1=Grant|2y=2008|2p=197}} The adoption of this name reflected Garvey's fascination with the [[Irish War of Independence|Irish independence movement]].{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=197}} Liberty Hall's dedication ceremony was held in July 1919.{{sfnm|1a1=Cronon|1y=1955|1p=49|2a1=Grant|2y=2008|2p=198}} During the [[hunger strike]] of [[Terence MacSwiney]], Garvey supported [[solidarity strike]]s in support of MacSwiney{{sfn|Silvestri|2009|p=32}} and made appeals to the British government on his behalf.{{sfn|Dooley|1998|p=119}}

Garvey also organized the African Legion, a group of uniformed men who would attend UNIA parades;{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=219}} a secret service was formed from Legion members, providing Garvey with intelligence about group members.{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=360}} The formation of the Legion further concerned the Bureau of Investigation, who sent their first full-time black agent, [[James Wormley Jones]], to infiltrate UNIA.{{sfn|Grant|2008|pp=219–220}}
In January 1920, Garvey incorporated the [[Negro Factories Corporation|Negro Factories League]],{{sfnm|1a1=Cronon|1y=1955|1p=60|2a1=Fierce|2y=1972|2p=56|3a1=Grant|3y=2008|3p=230}} through which he opened a string of grocery stores, a restaurant, a steam laundry, and publishing house.{{sfnm|1a1=Cronon|1y=1955|1p=60|2a1=Fierce|2y=1972|2pp=56–57}}
According to Grant, a [[personality cult]] had grown up around Garvey within the UNIA movement;{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=234}} life-size portraits of him hung in the UNIA headquarters and phonograph records of his speeches were sold to the membership.{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=345}}

[[File:UNIA parade in Harlem, 1920.jpg|thumb|A UNIA parade through Harlem in 1920]]

In August 1920, UNIA organized the First International Conference of the Negro Peoples in Harlem.{{sfnm|1a1=Cronon|1y=1955|1p=62|2a1=Grant|2y=2008|2pp=242–243}} This parade was attended by Gabriel Johnson, the Mayor of [[Monrovia]] in Liberia.{{sfnm|1a1=Cronon|1y=1955|1p=69|2a1=Grant|2y=2008|2p=243}} As part of it, an estimated 25,000 people assembled in [[Madison Square Gardens]].{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=245}} At the conference, UNIA delegates declared Garvey to be the Provisional President of Africa, charged with heading a [[government-in-exile]] that could take power in the continent when European colonial rule ended via [[decolonization]].{{sfnm|1a1=Cronon|1y=1955|1p=67|2a1=Grant|2y=2008|2p=243}} Some of the West Africans attending the event were angered by this, believing it wrong that an Afro-Jamaican, rather than a native African, was taking this role.{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=262}}

Many outside the movement ridiculed Garvey for giving himself this title.{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=243}} The conference then elected other members of the African government-in-exile,{{sfnm|1a1=Cronon|1y=1955|1p=67|2a1=Grant|2y=2008|2p=266}} resulting in the production of a "Declaration of the Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World" which condemned European colonial rule across Africa.{{sfnm|1a1=Cronon|1y=1955|1p=66|2a1=Grant|2y=2008|2p=261|3a1=Fergus|3y=2010|3p=36}} In August 1921, UNIA held a banquet in Liberty Hall, at which Garvey gave out honors to various supporters, including such titles as the [[Order of the Nile]] and the Order of Ethiopia.{{sfn|Grant|2008|pp=315–317}}

UNIA established growing links with the Liberian government, hoping to secure land in the West African nation on which it could settle African-American migrants.{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=276}} Liberia was in heavy debt, with UNIA launching a fundraising campaign to raise $2 million towards a Liberian Construction Loan.{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=276}} In 1921, Garvey sent a UNIA team to assess the prospects of mass African-American settlement in Liberia.{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=281}}
Internally, UNIA experienced various feuds. Garvey pushed out [[Cyril Briggs]] and other members of the [[African Blood Brotherhood]] from UNIA, wanting to place growing distance between himself and black socialist groups.{{sfn|Grant|2008|pp=311–313}} In the ''Negro World'', Garvey then accused Briggs—who was of mixed heritage—of being a white man posing as a black man. Briggs successfully sued Garvey for criminal libel.{{sfnm|1a1=Cronon|1y=1955|1p=75|2a1=Grant|2y=2008|2pp=312–313}} This was not the only time he faced this charge; in July 1919, Garvey had been arrested for comments in the ''Negro World'' about [[Edwin P. Kilroe]], the Assistant District Attorney in the District Attorney's office of the County of New York.{{sfn|Grant|2008|p=199}} When this case eventually came to court, the court ordered Garvey to provide a printed retraction.{{sfnm|1a1=Cronon|1y=1955|1p=75|2a1=Grant|2y=2008|2pp=254–255}}