Editing Manufacturing (section)

===Economics of manufacturing===
[[Emerging technologies]] have offered new growth methods in advanced manufacturing employment opportunities, for example in the [[Rust Belt|Manufacturing Belt]] in the United States. Manufacturing provides important material support for national infrastructure and also for [[defense (military)|national defense]].

On the other hand, most manufacturing processes may involve significant social and environmental costs. The clean-up costs of [[hazardous waste]], for example, may outweigh the benefits of a product that creates it. Hazardous materials may expose workers to health risks. These costs are now well known and there is effort to address them by improving [[efficiency]], reducing waste, using [[industrial symbiosis]], and eliminating harmful chemicals.

The negative costs of manufacturing can also be addressed legally. Developed countries regulate manufacturing activity with [[labor laws]] and [[Environmental policy|environmental]] laws. Across the globe, manufacturers can be subject to regulations and [[Ecotax|pollution taxes]] to offset the [[Environmental impact of manufacturing|environmental costs of manufacturing activities]]. Labor unions and [[craft guilds]] have played a historic role in the negotiation of worker rights and wages. Environment laws and labor protections that are available in developed nations may not be available in the [[third world]]. [[Tort law]] and [[product liability]] impose additional costs on manufacturing. These are significant dynamics in the ongoing process, occurring over the last few decades, of manufacture-based industries relocating operations to "developing-world" economies where the costs of production are significantly lower than in "developed-world" economies.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Manufacturing reshoring and sustainable development goals: A home versus host country perspective|first1=Cristina|last1=Di Stefano|first2=Luciano|last2=Fratocchi|first3=Carmen|last3=Martínez-Mora|first4=Fernando|last4=Merino|date=August 2, 2023|journal=Sustainable Development|volume=32 |pages=863–875 |doi=10.1002/sd.2710|doi-access=free|hdl=10045/136803|hdl-access=free}}</ref>