Editing Malacca Sultanate (section)

===Successor of Malacca===
{{further||Johor Sultanate}}

The exiled Sultan Mahmud Shah made several attempts to retake the capital but his efforts were fruitless. The Portuguese retaliated and forced the Sultan to flee to [[Pahang Sultanate|Pahang]]. Later, the Sultan sailed to [[Bintan Island|Bintan]] and established his capital there. From the new base, the Sultan rallied the disarrayed Malay forces and organised several attacks and blockades against the Portuguese's position. Frequent raids on Malacca caused the Portuguese severe hardship and helped convince the Portuguese that the exiled Sultan's forces needed to be destroyed. A number of attempts were made to suppress the Malay forces but were unsuccessful, until 1526 when the Portuguese razed Bintan. The Sultan retreated to [[Kampar Regency|Kampar]] in Sumatra where he died two years later. He left behind two sons named [[Muzaffar Shah I of Perak|Muzaffar Shah]] and [[Alauddin Riayat Shah II of Johor|Alauddin Riayat Shah II]].

Muzaffar Shah was invited by the people in the north of the peninsula to become their ruler, establishing the Sultanate of Perak. Meanwhile, Mahmud Shah's other son, Alauddin succeeded his father and established the [[Sultanate of Johor]]. Malacca was later conquered by the Dutch in a joint military campaign in January 1641. The Portuguese fortress, did not fall to the force of Dutch or Johorean arms as much as to famine and disease that decimated the surviving population.<ref>{{harvnb|Borschberg|2010|pp=157–158}}</ref> As a result of mutual agreement between the Dutch and Johor earlier in 1606, Malacca was handed over to the Dutch.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}

The fall of Malacca benefited other kingdoms such as Brunei whose ports became a new [[entrepôt]] as the kingdom emerged as a new center of trade in the Malay Archipelago, attracting many Muslim traders who fled from the Portuguese occupation after the ruler of Brunei's conversion to [[Sunni Islam|Islam]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=P. M. Holt|author2=Ann K. S. Lambton|author3=Bernard Lewis|title=The Cambridge History of Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y99jTbxNbSAC&pg=PA129|date=1977|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-29137-8|page=129}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Barbara Watson Andaya|author2=Leonard Y. Andaya|title=A History of Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1400–1830|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rh2BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA159|date=19 February 2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-88992-6|page=159}}</ref>