Editing Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor (section)

===Overview===
[[File:F-22 Raptor.ogg|thumb|left|F-22 flight demonstration video|alt=Demonstration video of an F-22]]

The F-22 Raptor is a [[Fifth-generation jet fighter|fifth-generation]] air superiority fighter that is considered fourth generation in [[stealth aircraft]] technology by the USAF.<ref>Carlson, Maj. Gen. Bruce. [http://www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=597 "Subject: Stealth Fighters."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829052211/http://www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=597 |date=29 August 2010}} ''U.S. Department of Defense Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs) News Transcript''. Retrieved 28 August 2011.</ref> It is the first operational aircraft to combine supercruise, [[supermaneuverability]], stealth, and integrated avionics (or sensor fusion) in a single [[weapons platform]] to enable it to survive and conduct missions, primarily offensive and defensive counter-air operations, in highly contested environments.<ref name="f22_factsheet">[https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104506/f-22-raptor/ "F-22 Raptor fact sheet."]. [https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104506/f-22-raptor/] U.S. Air Force, March 2009. Retrieved 23 July 2009.</ref>

The F-22's shape combines stealth and aerodynamic performance. Planform and panel edges are aligned at common angular aspects and the surfaces, also aligned accordingly, have continuous curvature to minimize the aircraft's radar cross-section.<ref name="Miller2005P25-27">Miller 2005, pp. 25-27.</ref> Its clipped diamond-like [[delta wing]]s have the leading edge swept 42°, trailing edge swept −17°, a slight anhedral and a conical camber to reduce supersonic [[wave drag]]. The shoulder-mounted wings are smoothly blended into the fuselage with four [[empennage]] surfaces and [[leading edge extension|leading edge root extensions]] running to the caret inlets' upper edges, where the forebody chines also meet. Flight control surfaces include [[Leading-edge slat|leading-edge flaps]], [[flaperon]]s, [[aileron]]s, [[rudder]]s on the canted [[vertical stabilizer]]s, and all-moving horizontal tails ([[stabilator]]s); for [[Air brake (aeronautics)|air braking]], the ailerons deflect up, flaperons down, and rudders outwards to increase drag.<ref>Miller 2005, pp. 79-91.</ref><ref name="f22_flight_test_update"/> Owing to the focus on supersonic performance, [[area rule]] is applied extensively to the airplane's shape and nearly all of the fuselage volume lies ahead of the wing's trailing edge to reduce drag at supersonic speeds, with the stabilators pivoting from tail booms extending aft of the engine nozzles.<ref>Sweetman 1998, pp. 34-36</ref> Weapons are carried internally in the fuselage for stealth. The jet has a retractable [[tricycle landing gear]] and an emergency [[tailhook]].<ref name="f22_flight_test_update">{{cite journal |last1=Kohn |first1=Lt. Col. Allen E. |last2=Rainey |first2=Lt. Col. Steven M. |author-link2=Steven M. Rainey |journal=SETP 41st Symposium |date=9 April 1999 |publisher=[[Society of Experimental Test Pilots]] |url=http://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/docs/f-22-emd-paper.htm |title=F-22 Flight Test Program Update |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717014716/http://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/docs/f-22-emd-paper.htm |archive-date=17 July 2014}}</ref> Fire suppression system and fuel tank [[inerting system]] are installed for survivability.<ref name="live_fire_testing"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Sprouse |first=Jim |title=F-22 ECS/TMS Qualification Test Program Overview |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44650415 |journal=SAE Transactions |volume=106 |publisher=[[SAE International]] |date=1997|pages=402–407 |jstor=44650415 }}</ref>

The aircraft's dual [[Pratt & Whitney F119]] augmented [[turbofan]] engines are closely spaced and incorporate rectangular two-dimensional [[thrust vectoring]] nozzles with a range of ±20 degrees in the [[flight dynamics|pitch-axis]]; the nozzles are fully integrated into the F-22's flight controls and vehicle management system. Each engine has dual-redundant [[Hamilton Standard]] full-authority digital engine control ([[FADEC]]) and maximum [[thrust]] in the 35,000&nbsp;[[pound-force|lbf]] (156&nbsp;kN) class. The F-22's [[thrust-to-weight ratio]] at typical combat weight is nearly at unity in maximum military power and 1.25 in full [[afterburner]]. The fixed shoulder-mounted [[intake ramp|caret inlets]] are offset from the forward fuselage to divert the turbulent [[boundary layer]] and generate oblique shocks with the upper inboard corners to ensure good total pressure recovery and efficient supersonic flow compression.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Jeffrey W. |last1=Hamstra |first2=Brent N. |last2=McCallum |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470686652.eae490 |title=Tactical Aircraft Aerodynamic Integration |doi=10.1002/9780470686652.eae490 |isbn=9780470754405 |date=15 September 2010 |access-date=19 October 2021 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019070031/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470686652.eae490 |url-status=live}}</ref> Maximum speed without external stores is approximately [[Mach (speed)|Mach]] 1.8 in supercruise at military/intermediate power and greater than Mach 2 with afterburners.{{refn|This capability was demonstrated in 2005 when General [[John P. Jumper]] exceeded Mach 1.7 in the F-22 without afterburners. When flying at Mach 2.0 at {{convert|40000|ft}} in steady level flight, the F-22 is only using 118% throttle out of 150% available (with 100% being military/intermediate power and 150% being full afterburner). Time from brake release to Mach 1.7 at {{convert|60000|ft}} level flight is less than 3 minutes 30 seconds.<ref>Powell, 2nd Lt. William. [https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/135233/general-jumper-qualifies-in-fa-22-raptor/ "General Jumper qualifies in F/A-22 Raptor."]  ''Air Force Link'', 13 January 2005.</ref><ref name="WMOF_JB">{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lltMfkj1yPU |title=F-117 Nighthawk and F-22 Raptor with Jim "JB" Brown, President & CEO National Test Pilot School |date=21 November 2022 |publisher=Western Museum of Flight |location=Torrance, California |access-date=30 June 2023 |people=[[James E. Brown III|Brown, James "JB"]]}}</ref>|group=N}} With {{convert|18000|lbs|kg|0|abbr=on}} of internal fuel and an additional {{convert|8000|lbs|kg|0|abbr=on}} in two 600-gallon external tanks, the jet has a ferry range of over {{convert|1600|nmi|mi km|-1|abbr=on}}.<ref name="AFM">Ayton, Mark. "F-22 Raptor". ''[[AirForces Monthly]]'', August 2008, p. 75. Retrieved 19 July 2008.</ref> The aircraft has a refueling boom receptacle centered on its spine and an [[auxiliary power unit]] embedded in the left wing root.<ref>Miller 2005, pp. 93-94.</ref>

[[File:F-22F119.JPG|thumb|F-22 flying with its [[Pratt & Whitney F119]] engines on full afterburner during testing|alt=Rear view of jet aircraft in-flight at dawn/dusk above mountains. Its engines are in full afterburner, evident through the presence of shock diamonds.]]
The F-22's high cruise speed and operating altitude over prior fighters improve the effectiveness of its sensors and weapon systems, and increase survivability against ground defenses such as [[surface-to-air missile]]s.<ref>{{cite news |author=Bedard, David |url=http://www.dvidshub.net/news/88337/bird-prey-bulldogs-accept-delivery-last-raptor |title=Bird of Prey: Bulldogs accept delivery of last Raptor |agency=Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson Public Affairs |date=11 May 2012 |access-date=14 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512233348/http://www.dvidshub.net/news/88337/bird-prey-bulldogs-accept-delivery-last-raptor |archive-date=12 May 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Grant, Rebecca. [http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Why_The_F-22_Is_Vital_Part_13_999.html "Why The F-22 Is Vital Part 13."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013185646/http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Why_The_F-22_Is_Vital_Part_13_999.html |date=13 October 2012}} United Press International, 31 March 2009.</ref> Its ability to supercruise, or sustain [[Supersonic speed|supersonic]] flight without using afterburners, allows it to intercept targets that afterburner-dependent aircraft would lack the fuel to reach. The use of internal [[bomb bay|weapons bay]]s permits the aircraft to maintain comparatively higher performance over most other combat-configured fighters due to a lack of [[parasitic drag]] from external stores.<ref name="pilotperspective"/> The F-22's thrust and aerodynamics enable regular combat speeds of Mach 1.5 at {{convert|50000|ft}}, thus providing 50% greater employment range for air-to-air missiles and twice the effective range for JDAMs than with prior platforms.{{refn|In testing, an F-22 cruising at Mach 1.5 at 50,000 feet (15,000&nbsp;m) struck a moving target {{convert|24|mi|km}} away with a JDAM.<ref name="upi_20061122">{{Cite news |url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2006/11/22/US-orders-two-dozen-raptors-for-2010/UPI-51851164210418/ |title=U.S. orders two dozen Raptors for 2010 |work=[[United Press International]] |date=22 November 2006 |access-date=24 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623104522/http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2006/11/22/US-orders-two-dozen-raptors-for-2010/UPI-51851164210418/ |archive-date=23 June 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>|group=N}}<ref name="af_almanac_200605">"USAF Almanac." ''Air Force Magazine'', May 2006.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Tirpak, John A. |url=http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Documents/2001/March%202001/0301fighter.pdf |title=Airpower, led by the F-22, can 'kick the door down' for the other forces |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120160723/http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Documents/2001/March%202001/0301fighter.pdf |archive-date=20 November 2012 |journal=Air Force Magazine |publisher=Air Force Association |url-status=usurped |date=March 2001}}</ref> Its structure contains a significant amount of high-strength materials to withstand [[Stress (mechanics)|stress]] and heat of sustained supersonic flight. Respectively, [[titanium alloy]]s and [[bismaleimide]]/epoxy composites comprise 42% and 24% of the structural weight; the materials and multiple [[Structural load|load]] path structural design also enable good ballistic survivability.{{refn|The fuselage and wing structure was tested to validate survivability against [[30 mm caliber|30 mm]] cannon fire.<ref name="live_fire_testing">{{cite journal |author=((Committee on the Study of Live Fire Survivability Testing of the F-22 Aircraft)) |date=1995 |title=Live Fire Testing of the F-22 |url=https://doi.org/10.17226/4971 |journal=National Research Council |page=50 |doi=10.17226/4971 |isbn=978-0-309-05333-4 |publisher=The National Academies Press}}</ref>|group=N}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=William D. |last2=Mortara |first2=Sean |date=April 2007 |title=F-22 Aeroelastic Design and Test Validation |url=https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2007-1764 |journal=54th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference |publisher=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) |page=4 |doi=10.2514/6.2007-1764 |isbn=978-1-62410-013-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cotton |first1=J.D. |last2=Clark |first2=L.P. |last3=Phelps |first3=Hank |title=Titanium alloys on the F-22 fighter airframe |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285009555 |date=May 2002 |volume=160 |issue=5 |journal=Advanced Materials & Processes Magazine |publisher=American Society for Metals ([[ASM International]])}}</ref>

The airplane's aerodynamics, [[relaxed stability]], and powerful thrust-vectoring engines give it excellent maneuverability and energy potential across its flight envelope, capable of 9-''g'' maneuvers at takeoff gross weight with full internal fuel.<ref name="WMOF_JB"/> Its large control surfaces, vortex-generating chines and LERX, and vectoring nozzles provide excellent high alpha ([[angle of attack]]) characteristics, and is capable of flying at trimmed alpha of over 60° while maintaining roll control and performing maneuvers such as the [[Herbst maneuver]] (J-turn) and [[Pugachev's Cobra]];<ref name="avweek_20070107"/> vortex impingement on the vertical tail fins did cause more [[buffeting]] than initially anticipated, resulting in the strengthening of the fin structure by changing the rear spar from composite to titanium.<ref name="FI_08_Sep_2003"/><ref name="peron_aoa">{{cite web |last=Peron |first=L. R. |url=http://www.sfte-ec.se/data/Abstract/A2000-II-02.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628053735/http://www.sfte-ec.se/data/Abstract/A2000-II-02.pdf |archive-date=28 June 2007 |title=F-22 Initial High Angle-of-Attack Flight Results (Abstract) |publisher=[[Air Force Flight Test Center]] |work=Society of Flight Test Engineers (STFE) 2000 Symposium |year=2000 |access-date=7 November 2009}}</ref> The computerized triplex-redundant [[fly-by-wire]] [[Aircraft flight control system|control system]] and FADEC make the aircraft highly [[departure resistance|departure resistant]] and controllable, thus giving the pilot carefree handling.<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831002444/http://www.pw.utc.com/F119_Engine |archive-date=31 August 2014 |title=F119 Engine |publisher=Pratt & Whitney |url=http://www.pw.utc.com/F119_Engine}}</ref><ref name="pilotperspective">{{cite magazine |last1=Metz |first1=Paul |last2=Beesley |first2=Jon |url=http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/oct_00/f-22/f22_1.html |title=F-22 Pilot Perspective |magazine=Code One Magazine |date=October 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424195255/http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/oct_00/f-22/f22_1.html |archive-date=24 April 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>