Editing Lima (section)

===Colonial time===
[[File:Plaza de Armas, Lima.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Renaissance]] [[Metropolitan Cathedral of Lima]], built between 1602 and 1797 in the [[Plaza Mayor, Lima|Plaza Mayor]]]]
For the next century, it prospered as the center of an extensive trade network that integrated the viceroyalty with the [[Americas]], [[Europe]], and [[East Asia]]. But the city was not without its dangers; violent earthquakes destroyed a large part of it between 1586 and 1687, leading to a great deal of construction activity. It is then when [[aqueduct (water supply)|aqueduct]]s, [[Starling (structure)|starlings]] and retaining walls appear before the flooding of the rivers, the bridge over the [[Rímac District|Rímac]] is finished, the [[Metropolitan Cathedral of Lima|cathedral]] is built, and numerous hospitals, convents and monasteries are built. Then we can see that the city is articulated around its neighborhoods. Another threat was the presence of [[pirate]]s and [[Privateer|corsair]]s in the [[Pacific Ocean]], which motivated the construction of the [[Walls of Lima]] between 1684 and 1687.<ref name="James Higgins" />

The [[1687 Peru earthquake|1687 earthquake]] marked a turning point in the [[history of Lima]], since it coincided with a recession in trade due to economic competition with other cities such as [[Buenos Aires]]. With the creation of the [[Viceroyalty of New Granada]] in 1717, the political demarcations were reorganized, and Lima only lost some territories that actually already enjoyed their autonomy. In 1746 a [[1746 Lima–Callao earthquake|strong earthquake]] severely damaged the city and destroyed [[Callao]], forcing a massive reconstruction effort by [[Viceroy]] [[José Manso de Velasco, 1st Count of Superunda|José Antonio Manso de Velasco]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Charles Walker|year=2003|title=The Upper Classes and Their Upper Stories: Architecture and the Aftermath of the Lima Earthquake of 1746|journal=Hispanic American Historical Review|volume=83|issue=1|publisher=Hispanic American Historical Review - [[Duke University Press]]|pages=53–55|doi=10.1215/00182168-83-1-53|s2cid=144925044|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/38926}}</ref>

During the 17th and 18th centuries, Lima was considered one of the most cosmopolitan cities in the entire [[Spanish Empire]], boasting a splendor that some observers considered worthy of a world power, attracting merchants from all over Europe, Asia and the rest of the Americas. The city was well known for being the residence of several members of the Spanish nobility, who resided in sumptuous manors and palaces located within the walls of Lima; the large number of religious orders within the city was also recognized.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="163">
File:Lima_POMA1039v.jpg|<small>"The City of the Kings of Lima, royal high court, principal city of the kingdom of the Indies, residence of the viceroy[...]", painting of 1615 by the [[Inca]] painter [[Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala|Guamán Poma]]. [[Royal Library, Denmark]].</small><ref>{{cite web |author=[[Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala|Guamán Poma]] |year=1615 |title=Nueva corónica y buen gobierno |url=http://www5.kb.dk/permalink/2006/poma/1039/en/text/?open=idm46287305913392 |website=[[Royal Library, Denmark]] website |page=362}}</ref>
File:Plaza_Mayor_de_Lima.jpg|The unfinished [[Metropolitan Cathedral of Lima|cathedral]] in the Plaza Mayor, painting of 1680. [[Museo de América|Museo de América (Madrid)]].<ref>{{cite web |date=1680 |title=Plaza Mayor de Lima |url=https://ceres.mcu.es/pages/ResultSearch?txtSimpleSearch=Plaza%20Mayor%20de%20Lima&simpleSearch=0&hipertextSearch=1&search=simple&MuseumsSearch=&MuseumsRolSearch=1&listaMuseos=null |website=[[Museo de América|Museo de América (Madrid)]] website}}</ref>
File:Bridge_of_Lima,_Ladies_of_Lima_1842_Boilly_and_Eyriès_(cropped).jpg|<small>View of Lima and the [[Tapada limeña]] (a colonial women fashion) in a painting of 1842 by [[Alcide d'Orbigny|d'Orbigny]] and [[Jean-Baptiste Benoît Eyriès|Benoît]]. Museum of the Americas, Spain.</small><ref>{{cite book |url=https://bvpb.mcu.es/es/consulta/registro.do?id=469709 |title=Viaje pintoresco a las dos Américas, Asia y África: resúmen jeneral de todos los viajes y descubrimientos de... |publisher=Imprenta y libreria de Juan Olivares |year=1842 |series=4-6}}</ref>
File:Rimac_en_1850.jpg|alt=Lima as seem from the Rímac District, painting of 1850 by Batta Molinelli.|Lima as seem from the Rímac District, painting of 1850 by Batta Molinelli<ref>{{cite web |author=Juan Luis Orrego Penagos |date=9 April 2010 |title=La flora de Lima: introducción |url=http://blog.pucp.edu.pe/blog/juanluisorrego/2010/04/09/la-flora-de-lima-introduccion/ |publisher=[[Pontifical Catholic University of Peru]]}}</ref>
File:Calle_de_los_Judíos_(Lima)_1866.jpg|Colonial Calle de los Judíos (''Jewish quarter'') (Lima) in 1866 by Manuel A. Fuentes and Firmin Didot, Brothers, Sons & Co. [[University of Chicago Library]].<ref name="books.google.com2">{{cite book |author1=Manuel A. Fuentes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NhpEAQAAMAAJ&dq=Lima+or+Sketches+of+the+Capital+of+Peru%2C+Historical%2C+Statistical%2C+Administrative%2C+Commercial+and+Moral+Paris%3A+Firmin+Didot%2C+Brothers%2C+Son&pg=PP13 |title=Lima or Sketches of the Capital of Peru, Historical, Statistical, Administrative, Commercial and Moral |publisher=Firmin Didot, Brothers, Sons & Co. |year=1866}}</ref>
File:Calles_de_la_Coca_and_de_Badegones_(Lima)_1866.jpg|Colonial Calles de la Oca and de Bodegones (Lima) in 1866 by Manuel A. Fuentes and Firmin Didot, Brothers, Sons & Co. [[University of Chicago Library]].<ref name="books.google.com2" />
File:El_viajero_ilustrado,_1878_602092_(3810558891).jpg|[[Puente de Piedra|Puente de Piedra Bridge]], the former Arco del Puente Gate and the [[Walls of Lima]] in 1878 by ''El Viajero Ilustrado''. Old Fund of the University of Seville.<ref>{{cite web |title=Puente De Piedra, Lima |url=https://www.flickr.com/people/37667416@N04 |website=Old Fund of the [[University of Seville]]}}</ref>
</gallery>[[File:Basílica y Convento de San Francisco de Lima, Peru.jpg|thumb|250x250px|[[Basilica and Convent of San Francisco, Lima|Basilica of San Francisco]], built between 1657 and 1672]]In the second half of the 18th century, [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] ideas about [[public health]] and social control influenced the development of the city. During this period, the Peruvian capital was affected by the [[Bourbon reforms]] as it lost its monopoly on foreign trade and its control over the important mining region of [[Upper Peru]]. This economic weakening led the elite of the city to depend on the positions granted by the viceregal government and the [[Catholic Church|Church]], which contributed to keeping them more linked to the Crown than to the cause of independence.

The greatest political-economic impact that the city experienced at that time occurred with the creation of the [[Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata]] in 1776, which changed the course and orientations imposed by the new mercantile traffic. Among the buildings built during this period there is the Coliseo de Gallos, the [[Plaza de toros de Acho|Acho Bullring]] and the General Cemetery. The first two were erected to regulate these popular activities, centralizing them in one place, while the cemetery put an end to the practice of burying the dead in churches, considered unhealthy by public authorities.