Editing Language isolate (section)

===Oceania===
Current research considers that the [[Papuan languages|"Papuasphere"]] centered in [[New Guinea]] includes as many as 37 isolates.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = De Gruyter| isbn = 978-3-11-029525-2| pages = 1–20 |editor=Bill Palmer | last = Palmer| first = Bill| title = The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area| chapter = Language families of the New Guinea Area| location = Berlin, Boston |access-date=2020-08-03| date = 2017| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=v2VCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 | doi=10.1515/9783110295252-001}}</ref> (The more is known about these languages in the future, the more likely it is for these languages to be later assigned to a known language family.) To these, one must add several isolates found among non-[[Pama-Nyungan languages|Pama-Nyungan]] [[Australian Aboriginal languages|languages of Australia]]:<ref name="Evans 2003" />
{| class="wikitable sortable" RULES="ALL"
|-
! Language
! data-sort-type=number | Speakers
! Status
! Countries
! Comments
|-
| [[Abinomn language|Abinomn]]
|300
| rowspan="5" data-sort-value="1" | Vibrant
| rowspan="2" |[[Indonesia]]
| Spoken in the far north of [[New Guinea]]. Also known as Bas or Foia. Language is considered safe by UNESCO but endangered by [[Ethnologue]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Size and vitality of Abinomn|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/size-and-vitality/bsa|access-date=2020-08-12|website=Ethnologue|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Abun language|Abun]]
|3,000
| Spoken in the northern area of [[Bird's Head Peninsula]] located in the province of [[Southwest Papua]]. Linked to [[West Papuan languages]] but Palmer (2018), ''[[Ethnologue]]'', and [[Glottolog]] consider it an isolate.<ref>{{e25|Abun}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| editor1-last= Hammarström| editor1-first = Harald| editor2-last = Forke| editor2-first = Robert| editor3-last = Haspelmath| editor3-first = Martin| editor4-last = Bank| editor4-first = Sebastian| year = 2020|title = Abun | work = [[Glottolog]] 4.3| url = https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/abun1252}}</ref><ref name="Palmer-LLNGA">{{cite book |last=Palmer |first=Bill |editor1-last=Palmer |editor1-first=Bill |date=2018 |title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide |chapter=Language families of the New Guinea Area |series= The World of Linguistics |volume=4 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=1–20 |isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}</ref>
|-
| [[Anêm language|Anêm]]
|800
| rowspan="3" |[[Papua New Guinea]]
| Spoken on the northwest coast of [[New Britain]].<ref name="Ethnologue22-PNG">{{cite web |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/PG/languages |title=Papua New Guinea languages |work=[[Ethnologue]]: Languages of the World |edition=22nd |editor1-last=Eberhard |editor1-first=David M. |editor2-last=Simons |editor2-first=Gary F. |editor3-last=Fennig |editor3-first=Charles D. |date=2019 |location=Dallas |publisher=[[SIL International]]}}</ref> Perhaps related to Yélî Dnye and Ata.<ref name="Stebbins-Island">{{cite book |last1=Stebbins |first1=Tonya |last2=Evans |first2=Bethwyn |last3=Terrill |first3=Angela |editor1-last=Palmer |editor1-first=Bill |date=2018 |title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide |chapter=The Papuan languages of Island Melanesia |series= The World of Linguistics |volume=4 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=775–894 |isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ata language|Ata]]
|2,000
| Spoken in the central highlands of [[New Britain]]. Also known as Wasi. Perhaps related to Yélî Dnye and Anem.<ref>{{Citation|last=Ross|first=Malcolm|title=Is there an East Papuan phylum? Evidence from pronouns|date=2001|url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/94801|publisher=Pacific Linguistics|language=en-AU|isbn=978-0-85883-445-3|access-date=2020-08-12}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Ross|first=Malcolm|title=Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages|date=2005|url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/84328|publisher=Pacific Linguistics|language=en-AU|isbn=978-0-85883-562-7|access-date=2020-08-12}}</ref>
|-
|[[Busa language (Papuan)|Busa]]
|370
|Spoken in [[Sandaun Province]], northwestern Papua New Guinea. Added to [[Senu River languages|Senu River]].<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/newguineaworld/families/senu-river NewGuineaWorld, Senu River]</ref>
|-
| [[Giimbiyu language|Giimbiyu]]
|style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" |Extinct
|[[Australia]]
|Spoken in the northern part of [[Arnhem Land]] until the early 1980s. Sometimes considered a small language family consisting of Mengerrdji, Urningangk and Erre.<ref name="Campbell 2006">Campbell, R. "A Sketch Grammar of Urningangk, Erre and Mengerrdji: the Giimbiyu languages of Western Arnhem Land". Honours thesis. University of Melbourne, 2006.</ref> Part of a proposal for the undemonstrated [[Arnhem Land languages|Arnhem Land language family]].
|-
| [[Kol language (Papua New Guinea)|Kol]]
|4,000
| data-sort-value="1" | Vibrant
| rowspan="2" |[[Papua New Guinea]]
| Spoken in the northeastern part of [[New Britain]]. Possibly related to the poorly known [[Sulka language|Sulka]], or the [[Baining languages]], suggested as part of the [[East Papuan languages]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kol |url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/10809 |website=Endangered Language Project}}</ref><ref name="Dunn">{{cite journal |last1=Dunn |first1=Michael |last2=Reesnik |first2=Ger |last3=Terrill |first3=Angela |title=The East Papuan Languages: A Preliminary Typological Appraisal |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |date=2002 |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=28–62 |doi=10.1353/ol.2002.0019 |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0013-1ADC-1 |s2cid=143012930 |url=https://www.eva.mpg.de/documents/Linguistic%20Society%20of%20America,%20MUSE/Dunn_East_OceanLing_2002_1555925.pdf |access-date=6 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kuot language|Kuot]]
|1,500
| data-sort-value=2 | Vulnerable
| Spoken on [[New Ireland (island)|New Ireland]]. Also known as Panaras. Suggested to form part of the [[East Papuan languages|East Papuan family]].<ref name="Dunn" />
|-
| [[Laragiya language|Laragiya]]
|14
| data-sort-value=4 rowspan="2" |Moribund
| rowspan="3" |[[Australia]]
|Spoken near the city of [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]] located in the [[Northern Territory]] in [[Australia]]. Also known as Gulumirrgin. Part of the proposed [[Darwin Region languages|Darwin Region language family]] and the only extant member of it as the [[Limilngan language]] had gone extinct since 2009.
|-
| [[Malak-Malak language|Malak-Malak]]
|10
|Spoken in northern [[Australia]]. Often considered part of one Northern Daly family together with [[Tyeraity language|Tyeraity]]. Used to be considered genetically related to the [[Wagaydyic languages]], but nowadays they are considered genetically distinct.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nordlinger |first=Rachel |author-link=Rachel Nordlinger |editor-last1= Fortescue |editor-first1= Michael |editor-link1= Michael Fortescue |editor-link2=Marianne Mithun |editor-last2= Mithun |editor-first2= Marianne |editor-last3= Evans |editor-first3= Nicholas |editor-link3=Nicholas Evans (linguist) |title=Oxford Handbook of Polysynthesis |publisher=Oxford: Oxford University Press |date=2017 |pages=782–807 |chapter=Chapter 37: The languages of the Daly region (Northern Australia)}}</ref>
|-
|[[Marrgu language|Marrgu]] 
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Extinct
|Marrgu had been assumed to be an [[Iwaidjan language]] like its neighbours. However, Evans (2006) has produced evidence that it was a language isolate, with possible connection to the extinct and poorly attested [[Wurrugu language|Wurrugu]].<ref>{{AIATSIS|N45}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mawes language|Mawes]] 
| rowspan="3" |[[Indonesia]]
|Likely isolate.<ref>Foley (2018)</ref><ref>Harald Hammarström. 2010. The Genetic Position of the Mawes Language. Paper presented at the Workshop on the Languages of Papua 2, 8–12 February 2010, Manokwari, Indonesia.</ref>
|-
|[[Maybrat language|Maybrat]] 
|25,000
| rowspan="3" |Vibrant
| Spoken in the central area of [[Bird's Head Peninsula]] located in the province of [[Southwest Papua]]. Sometimes linked to [[West Papuan languages]] but others consider it an isolate.
|-
|[[Mpur language|Mpur]]
|5,000
|Spoken in the Mpur and Amberbaken Districts, [[Tambrauw Regency]] on the north coast of the [[Bird's Head Peninsula]].
|-
| [[Murrinh-patha language|Murrinh-patha]]
|2,081<ref>{{cite web|title=SBS Australian Census Explorer|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/creative/census-explorer|access-date=12 October 2022}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Australia]]
|Spoken on the eastern coast of [[Joseph Bonaparte Gulf]] in the [[Top End]]. The proposed linkage to [[Ngan'gityemerri language|Ngan'gityemerri]] in one [[Southern Daly languages|Southern Daly]] family<ref name="Green 2003">Green, I. "The Genetic Status of Murrinh-patha" in Evans, N., ed. "The Non-Pama-Nyungan Languages of Northern Australia: comparative studies of the continent's most linguistically complex region". ''Studies in Language Change'', 552. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, 2003.</ref> is generally accepted to be valid.
|-
| [[Ngan'gityemerri language|Ngan'gityemerri]]
|26
| data-sort-value="4" |Moribund
|Spoken in the [[Top End]] along the Daly River. The proposed linkage to [[Murrinh-patha language|Murrinh-patha]] in one [[Southern Daly languages|Southern Daly]] family<ref name="Green 2003" /> is generally accepted to be valid.
|-
|[[Porome language|Porome]]
|1,200
|Vibrant
| rowspan="4" |[[Papua New Guinea]]
|Spoken in 6 villages in [[West Kikori Rural LLG]] and [[East Kikori Rural LLG]] of [[Gulf Province]], near the [[Aird Hills]] and [[Kikori River]] tributaries.
|-
|[[Pyu language (Papuan)|Pyu]]
|250
|Vulnerable
|Spoken in [[Green River Rural LLG]] in [[Sandaun Province]], near the Indonesian border. Linked to neighboring [[Left May languages|Left May]] and [[Amto–Musan languages|Amto-Musan]] in a proposed [[Arai–Samaia languages|Arai-Samaia]] family.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sites.google.com/site/newguineaworld/families/arai-and-samaia-rivers |title=NewGuineaWorld, Arai and Samaia Rivers |access-date=2024-01-24 |archive-date=2022-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004211633/https://sites.google.com/site/newguineaworld/families/arai-and-samaia-rivers |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[Sulka language|Sulka]]
|2,500
|Vibrant
|Spoken across the eastern end of New Britain. Suggested to form part of the [[East Papuan languages|East Papuan family]].<ref name="Dunn" />
|-
| [[Tayap language|Tayap]]
| data-sort-value="49" |<50
| data-sort-value="4" | Moribund
| Formerly spoken in the village of [[Gapun]]. Links to [[Lower Sepik languages]] and [[Torricelli languages]] have been explored, but the general consensus among linguists is that it is an isolate unrelated to surrounding languages.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VXWcDwAAQBAJ |title=A Grammar and Dictionary of Tayap: The Life and Death of a Papuan Language |last1=Kulick |first1=Don |last2=Terrill |first2=Angela |series=Pacific Linguistics 661 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter Inc. |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-5015-1220-9 |location=Boston/Berlin }}</ref>
|-
| [[Tiwi language|Tiwi]]
|2,103<ref>{{cite web|title=SBS Australian Census Explorer|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/creative/census-explorer|access-date=9 Jan 2023}}</ref>
| data-sort-value=2 | Vulnerable
| rowspan="4" |[[Australia]]
| Spoken in the [[Tiwi Islands]] in the [[Timor Sea]]. Traditionally Tiwi is polysynthetic, but the Tiwi spoken by younger generations is not.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Jennifer|date=1987|title=Tiwi Today: A Study of Language Change in a Contact Situation|url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/145421/1/PL-C96.pdf|journal=Pacific Linguistics|page=50}}</ref>
|-
|[[Umbugarla language|Umbugarla]]
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" |Extinct
|Possibly a language isolate. [[Ngomburr language|Ngomburr]] likely a dialect.
|-
| [[Wagiman language|Wagiman]]
|11
| rowspan="2" data-sort-value="4" |Moribund
|Spoken in the southern part of the [[Top End]]. May be distantly related to the [[Wardaman language|Yangmanic languages]],<ref name="Merlan 1994">Merlan, F. "A Grammar of Wardaman: a language of the Northern Territory of Australia." Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1994.</ref> which might in turn be a member of the [[Macro-Gunwinyguan languages|Macro-Gunwinyguan]] family,<ref name="Evans 2003">Evans, N. "Introduction" in Evans, N., ed. "The Non-Pama-Nyungan Languages of Northern Australia: comparative studies of the continent's most linguistically complex region". ''Studies in Language Change'', 552. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, 2003.</ref> but neither link has been demonstrated.
|-
| [[Wardaman language|Wardaman]]
|50
|Spoken in the southern part of the [[Top End]]. The extinct and poorly attested Dagoman and Yangman dialects are sometimes treated as separate languages, forming a [[Yangmanic languages|Yangmanic]] family, to which [[Wagiman language|Wagiman]] may be distantly related.<ref name="Merlan 1994"/> Possibly a member of the [[Macro-Gunwinyguan languages|Macro-Gunwinyguan]] family,<ref name="Evans 2003"/> but this has yet to be demonstrated.
|-
|[[Yele language|Yele]]
|5,000
|Vibrant
|[[Papua New Guinea]]
|Stebbins et al. (2018) classifies Yélî Dnye as an isolate.<ref>Stebbins et al. 2018</ref> They explain similarities with Austronesian as being due to contact and diffusion.
|}