Editing Lahore (section)

===Mughals===
{{Main|Subah of Lahore|Mughal period in Lahore}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:The Badshahi in all its glory during the Eid Prayers.JPG|[[Badshahi Mosque]]
File:Naulakha Pavilion in Lahore Fort.jpg|[[Lahore Fort]]
File:Tomb of Emperor Jahangir.jpg|[[Tomb of Jahangir]]
File:Wazir Khan's hammams (4).JPG|[[Shahi Hammam]]
File:Tomb of Khan-e-Jahan Bahadur Kokaltash 01.jpg|[[Tomb of Khan-e-Jahan Bahadur Kokaltash]]
</gallery>
[[File:Grave of Nur Jahan.jpg|thumb|Grave of Nur Jahan]]
[[File:Revised photo Interior of Wazir Khan Mosque.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Wazir Khan Mosque]] in Lahore is considered to be the most ornately decorated Mughal-era mosque.<ref name=Masson>{{cite book|last1=Masson|first1=Vadim Mikhaĭlovich|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in contrast : from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century|date=2003|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=9789231038761}}</ref>]]
[[File:Interior of Mariyam Zamani Begum Mosque.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Begum Shahi Mosque]] was completed in 1614 in honour of [[Jahangir]]'s mother, [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]].]]

====Early Mughal====
[[Babur]], the founder of the [[Mughal Empire]], captured and sacked Lahore and Dipalpur, although he retreated after the Lodi nobles backed away from assisting him.<ref name=bosworth/><ref>{{Cite book|author=Iqtidar Alam Khan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=URluAAAAMAAJ |title=Historical Dictionary of Medieval India|date=2008 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-5503-8|page=32 |language=en}}</ref> The city became a refuge to [[Humayun]] and his cousin [[Kamran Mirza]] when [[Sher Shah Suri]] rose in power in the Gangetic plains, displacing Mughals. Sher Shah Suri seized Lahore in 1540, though Humayun reconquered Lahore in February 1555.<ref name=bosworth/> The establishment of Mughal rule eventually led to the most prosperous era of Lahore's history.<ref name=bosworth/> Lahore's prosperity and central position has yielded more Mughal-era monuments in Lahore than either [[Delhi]] or [[Agra]].<ref name=mughaleconomist>{{cite news|title=Short Cuts |url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21695034-chinese-style-modernisation-draws-perilously-close-brilliant-17th-century-landmarks-short-cuts |access-date=19 August 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=19 March 2016|quote=For centuries Lahore was the heart of Mughal Hindustan, known to visitors as the City of Gardens. Today it has a greater profusion of treasures from the Mughal period (the peak of which was in the 17th century) than India's Delhi or Agra, even if Lahore's are less photographed. |archive-date=19 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819161514/http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21695034-chinese-style-modernisation-draws-perilously-close-brilliant-17th-century-landmarks-short-cuts|url-status=live}}</ref>

By the time of the rule of the Mughal empire's greatest emperors, a majority of Lahore's residents did not live within the walled city itself but instead lived in suburbs that had spread outside the city's walls.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Only 9 of the 36 urban quarters around Lahore, known as ''guzars'', were located within the city walls during the [[Akbar]] period.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} During this period, Lahore was closely tied to smaller market towns known as ''qasbahs'', such as [[Kasur]] and [[Eminabad]], as well as [[Amritsar]], and [[Batala]] in modern-day India, which in turn, linked to supply chains in villages surrounding each ''qasbah''.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

====Akbar====
Beginning in 1584, Lahore became the Mughal capital when Akbar began re-fortifying the city's ruined citadel, laying the foundations for the revival of the [[Lahore Fort]].{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Akbar made Lahore one of his original twelve ''[[subah]]'' provinces,{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} and in 1585–86, relegated governorship of the city and ''subah'' to [[Bhagwant Das]], brother of [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]], who was commonly known as "Jodhabhai".<ref name="Chandra">{{cite book|last1=Chandra|first1=Satish|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part – II|date=2005|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=8124110662|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&pg=PA28|access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref>

Akbar also rebuilt the city's walls and extended their perimeter east of the Shah Alami bazaar to encompass the sparsely populated area of Rarra Maidan.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} The Akbari Mandi [[grain trade|grain market]] was set up during this era, which continues to function to the present-day.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Akbar also established the [[Dharampura]] neighbourhood in the early 1580s, which survives today.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Latif|first1=Syad Muhammad|title=Agra historical and descriptive with an account of Akbar and his court and of the modern city of Agra |date=2003 |publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=8120617096 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9hZuAAAAMAAJ&q=akbar+dharmpura|access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref> The earliest of Lahore's many [[haveli]]s date from the Akbari era.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

Lahore's Mughal monuments were built under the reign of Akbar and several subsequent emperors.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Lahore reached its cultural zenith during this period, with dozens of mosques, tombs, shrines, and urban infrastructure developed in the city.

====Jahangir====
During the reign of Emperor [[Jahangir]] in the early 17th century, Lahore's bazaars were noted to be vibrant, frequented by foreigners, and stocked with a wide array of goods.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} In 1606, Jehangir's rebel son [[Khusrau Mirza]] laid siege to Lahore after obtaining the blessings of the Sikh [[Guru Arjan Dev]].<ref name="Holt">{{cite book|last1=Holt|first1=P. M.|title=The Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 2A, The Indian Sub-Continent, South-East Asia, Africa and the Muslim West|date=1977|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0521291372 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y99jTbxNbSAC&pg=PA45 |access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref> Jehangir quickly defeated his son at Bhairowal, and the roots of Mughal–Sikh animosity grew.<ref name="Holt"/> Sikh Guru Arjan Dev was executed in Lahore in 1606 for his involvement in the rebellion.<ref>{{cite book|author=Pashaura Singh| title= Life, and Work of Guru Arjan: History, Memory, and Biography in the Sikh Tradition| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FbPXAAAAMAAJ| year=2006| publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-567921-2| pages=23, 217–218}}</ref> Emperor Jahangir chose to be buried in Lahore, and [[Tomb of Jahangir|his tomb]] was built in Lahore's [[Shahdara Bagh]] suburb in 1637 by his wife [[Nur Jahan]], [[Tomb of Nur Jahan|whose tomb]] is also nearby.

====Shah Jahan====
Jahangir's son, [[Shah Jahan]] (reigned 1628–1658), was born in Lahore in 1592. He renovated large portions of the [[Lahore Fort]] with luxurious white marble and erected the iconic [[Naulakha Pavilion]] in 1633.<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web|publisher=UNESCO |title=International council on monuments and sites|url= https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/171.pdf |access-date=13 April 2015|archive-date=10 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710195232/http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/171.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Shah Jahan lavished Lahore with some of its most celebrated and iconic monuments, such as the [[Shahi Hammam]] in 1635, and both the [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalimar Gardens]] and the extravagantly decorated [[Wazir Khan Mosque]] in 1641. The population of pre-modern Lahore probably reached its zenith during his reign, with suburban districts home to perhaps 6 times as many compared to within the [[Walled City of Lahore|Walled City]].{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

====Aurangzeb====
[[File:Fort of Lahore.jpg|thumb|The iconic Alamgiri Gate of the Lahore Fort was built in 1674 and faces Aurangzeb's Badshahi Mosque.]]
[[File:Wazir Khan Mosque William Carpenter 1866.jpg|thumb|Wazir Khan Mosque painting by [[William Carpenter (painter)|William Carpenter]] (1866)]]
Shah Jahan's son, [[Aurangzeb]], last of the great Mughal Emperors, further contributed to the development of Lahore. Aurangzeb built the Alamgiri Bund embankment along the Ravi river in 1662 in order to prevent its shifting course from threatening the city's walls.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} The area near the embankment grew into a fashionable locality, with several nearby pleasure gardens laid by Lahore's gentry.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} The largest of Lahore's Mughal monuments, the [[Badshahi Mosque]], was raised during Aurangzeb's reign in 1673, as well as the iconic Alamgiri Gate of the Lahore fort in 1674.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lahore Fort Alamgiri Gate|website=Asian Historical Architecture |url=http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/1036/pakistan/lahore/lahore-fort-alamgiri-gate |access-date=28 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228171934/http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/1036/pakistan/lahore/lahore-fort-alamgiri-gate |archive-date=28 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Late Mughal====
[[File:Sunehri_masjid_top_view_2.JPG|thumb|The [[Sunehri Mosque, Lahore|Sunehri Mosque]] was built in the walled city in the early 18th century, when the Mughal Empire was in decline.]]
Civil wars regarding succession to the Mughal throne following Aurangzeb's death in 1707 led to weakening control over Lahore from Delhi, and a prolonged period of decline in Lahore.{{sfnp|Latif|1892|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Mughal preoccupation with the [[Marathas]] in the [[Deccan Plateau]] eventually resulted in Lahore being governed by a series of governors who pledged nominal allegiance to the ever-weaker Mughal emperors in Delhi.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

Mughal Emperor [[Bahadur Shah I]] died en route to Lahore as part of a campaign in 1711 to subdue Sikh rebels under the leadership of [[Banda Singh Bahadur]].<ref name=bosworth/> His sons fought a battle outside Lahore in 1712 for succession to the Mughal crown, with [[Jahandar Shah|Jahandar]] winning the throne.<ref name=bosworth/> Sikh rebels were defeated during the reign of [[Farrukhsiyar]] when Abd as-Samad and Zakariyya Khan suppressed them.<ref name=bosworth/>

[[Nader Shah]]'s brief invasion of the Mughal Empire [[Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire|in early 1739]] wrested control away from [[Zakariya Khan Bahadur]]. Though Khan was able to win back control after the Persian armies had left,<ref name=bosworth/> the trade routes had shifted away from Lahore, and south towards [[Kandahar]] instead.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Indus ports near the Arabian Sea that served Lahore also silted up during this time, reducing the city's importance even further.{{sfnp|Glover|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

Struggles between Zakariyya Khan's sons following his death in 1745 further weakened Muslim control over Lahore, thus leaving the city in a power vacuum, and vulnerable to foreign marauders.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Axworthy|first1=Michael|title=Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant|date=2010 |publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-0-85773-347-4|page=195}}</ref>