Editing Kinshasa (section)

=== Residential and commercial areas ===
Kinshasa is a city of sharp contrasts, with affluent residential and commercial areas and three universities alongside sprawling slums.<ref name="Flouriot2013">Jean Flouriot, "[https://com.revues.org/6770 Kinshasa 2005. Trente ans après la publication de l’Atlas de Kinshasa] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917080851/https://com.revues.org/6770 |date=17 September 2017 }}", ''Les Cahiers d’Outre-Mer'' 261, January–March 2013; [[doi:10.4000/com.6770]].</ref> The older and wealthier part of the city (''ville basse'') is located on a flat area of [[Alluvium|alluvial sand and clay]] near the river, while many newer areas are found on the [[erosion|eroding]] red soil of surrounding hills.<ref name="Kayembe2009">Matthieu Kayembe Wa Kayembe, Mathieu De Maeyer et Eléonore Wolff, "[https://belgeo.revues.org/7349 Cartographie de la croissance urbaine de Kinshasa (R.D. Congo) entre 1995 et 2005 par télédétection satellitaire à haute résolution] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917080911/https://belgeo.revues.org/7349|date=17 September 2017}}", ''Belgeo'' 3–4, 2009; [[doi:10.4000/belgeo.7349]].</ref><ref name="Trapido2016">Joe Trapido, "[https://newleftreview.org/II/98/joe-trapido-kinshasa-s-theatre-of-power Kinshasa's Theater of Power] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917080840/https://newleftreview.org/II/98/joe-trapido-kinshasa-s-theatre-of-power |date=17 September 2017 }}", ''[[New Left Review]]'' 98, March/April 2016.</ref> Older parts of the city were laid out on a geometric pattern, with ''de facto'' racial segregation becoming ''de jure'' in 1929 as the European and African neighborhoods grew closer together. [[Urban planning|City plans]] of the 1920s–1950s featured a ''[[Cordon sanitaire (politics)|cordon sanitaire]]'' or buffer between the white and black neighborhoods, which included the central market as well as parks and gardens for Europeans.<ref name="BeeckmansBigon2016">Luce Beeckmans & Liora Bigon, "The making of the central markets of Dakar and Kinshasa: from colonial origins to the post-colonial period”; ''Urban History'' 43(3), 2016; [[doi:10.1017/S0963926815000188]].</ref>

Urban planning in post-independence Kinshasa has been limited. The ''Mission Française d'Urbanisme'' drew up some plans in the 1960s which envisioned a greater role for [[automobile]] transportation but did not predict the city's significant population growth. Thus much of the [[urban structure]] has developed without guidance from a master plan. According to [[UN-Habitat]], the city is expanding by eight square kilometers per year. It describes many of the new neighborhoods as [[slum]]s, built in unsafe conditions with inadequate infrastructure.<ref name=ChirisaEtAl2017 /> Nevertheless, spontaneously developed areas have in many cases extended the [[grid plan|grid street plan]] of the original city.<ref name=Flouriot2013 />