Editing Kingdom of Jerusalem (section)

=== Loss of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade ===
{{main|Third Crusade}}
[[File:Jan Lievens- King Guy of Lusignan and King Saladin.tif|thumb|right|17th-century interpretation of [[Guy of Lusignan]] (right) being held captive by [[Saladin]] (left), clad in a traditional (Islamic) royal garment, painted by [[Jan Lievens]].]]
[[File:Crusader States 1190.svg|thumb|The Near East, {{c.|1190}}, at the outset of the Third Crusade]]
Raymond of Tripoli allied with Saladin against Guy and allowed a Muslim garrison to occupy his fief in [[Tiberias]], probably hoping that Saladin would help him overthrow Guy. Saladin, meanwhile, had pacified his Mesopotamian territories, and was now eager to attack the crusader kingdom; he did not intend to renew the truce when it expired in 1187. Before the truce expired, Raynald of Chatillon, the lord of Oultrejourdain and of Kerak and one of Guy's chief supporters, recognized that Saladin was massing his troops, and attacked Muslim caravans in an attempt to disrupt this. Guy was on the verge of attacking Raymond, but realized that the kingdom would need to be united in the face of the threat from Saladin, and [[Balian of Ibelin]] effected a reconciliation between the two during Easter in 1187. Saladin attacked Kerak again in April, and in May, a Muslim raiding party ran into the much smaller embassy on its way to negotiate with Raymond, and defeated it at the [[Battle of Cresson]] near Nazareth. Raymond and Guy finally agreed to attack Saladin at Tiberias, but could not agree on a plan; Raymond thought a pitched battle should be avoided, but Guy probably remembered the criticism he faced for avoiding battle in 1183, and it was decided to march out against Saladin directly. On 4 July 1187, the army of the kingdom was utterly destroyed at the [[Battle of Hattin]]. Raymond of Tripoli, Balian of Ibelin, and [[Reginald of Sidon]] escaped, but Raynald was executed by Saladin and Guy was imprisoned in Damascus.{{Sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=223–231}}

Over the next few months, Saladin easily overran the entire kingdom. Only the port of Tyre remained in Frankish hands, defended by [[Conrad of Montferrat]], who had coincidentally arrived just in time from [[Constantinople]]. The [[Siege of Jerusalem (1187)|fall of Jerusalem]] essentially ended the first Kingdom of Jerusalem. Much of the population, swollen with refugees fleeing Saladin's conquest of the surrounding territory, was allowed to flee to Tyre, Tripoli, or Egypt (whence they were sent back to Europe), but those who could not pay for their freedom were sold into slavery, and those who could were often robbed by Christians and Muslims alike on their way into exile. The capture of the city led to the [[Third Crusade]], launched in 1189 and led by [[Richard I of England|Richard the Lionheart]], [[Philip II of France|Philip Augustus]] and [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick Barbarossa]], though the last drowned en route.{{Sfn|Edbury|1991|pp=4–5}}

Guy of Lusignan, who had been refused entry to Tyre by Conrad, began to besiege Acre in 1189. During the [[Siege of Acre (1189–1191)|lengthy siege]], which lasted until 1191, Patriarch Heraclius, Queen Sibylla and her daughters, and many others died of disease. With the death of Sibylla in 1190, Guy now had no legal claim to the kingship, and the succession passed to Sibylla's half-sister Isabella. Isabella's mother Maria and the Ibelins (now closely allied to Conrad) argued that Isabella and Humphrey's marriage was illegal, as she had been underage at the time; underlying this was the fact that Humphrey had betrayed his wife's cause in 1186. The marriage was annulled amid some controversy. Conrad, who was now the nearest kinsman to Baldwin V in the male line, and had already proved himself a capable military leader, then married Isabella, but Guy refused to concede the crown.{{Sfn|Edbury|1991|pp=25–26}}

When Richard arrived in 1191, he and Philip took different sides in the succession dispute. Richard backed Guy, his vassal from Poitou, while Philip supported Conrad, a cousin of his late father Louis VII. After much ill feeling and ill health, Philip returned home in 1191, soon after the fall of Acre. Richard defeated Saladin at the [[Battle of Arsuf]] in 1191 and the [[Battle of Jaffa (1192)|Battle of Jaffa]] in 1192, recovering most of the coast, but could not recover Jerusalem or any of the inland territory of the kingdom. It has been suggested that this may have actually been a strategic decision by Richard rather than a failure as such, as he may have recognized that Jerusalem, in particular, was in fact a strategic liability as long as the Crusaders were obligated to defend it, as it was isolated from the sea where Western reinforcements could arrive.<ref>Stark, ''God's Battalions''</ref> Conrad was unanimously elected king in April 1192, but was murdered by the [[Hashshashin]] only days later. Eight days after that, the pregnant Isabella was married to Count [[Henry II of Champagne]], nephew of Richard and Philip, but politically allied to Richard. As compensation, Richard sold Guy the [[Kingdom of Cyprus|island of Cyprus]], which Richard had captured on the way to Acre, although Guy continued to claim the throne of Jerusalem until his death in 1194.{{Sfn|Edbury|1991|pp=26–29}}

The crusade came to an end peacefully, with the [[Treaty of Ramla]] negotiated in 1192; Saladin allowed [[Christian pilgrimage|pilgrimages]] to be made to Jerusalem, allowing the crusaders to fulfil their vows, after which they all returned home. The native crusader barons set about rebuilding their kingdom from Acre and the other coastal cities.