Editing Kazakh language (section)

== Grammar ==
Kazakh is generally verb-final, though various permutations on [[subject–object–verb|SOV]] (subject–object–verb) word order can be used, for example, due to [[topicalization]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Центр |url=http://www.beltranslations.com/Languages/Kaz-EN.html |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=www.beltranslations.com |language=ru}}</ref> [[Inflection]]al and [[Morphological derivation|derivational]] [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]], both verbal and nominal, in Kazakh, exists almost exclusively in the form of [[agglutinative]] suffixes. Kazakh is a nominative-accusative, head-final, left-branching, dependent-marking language.<ref name=mukh>{{Cite book|last=Mukhamedova|first=Raikhangul |title=Kazakh: A Comprehensive Grammar|year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317573081}}</ref>

=== Nouns ===
Kazakh has no [[noun class]] or [[Grammatical gender|gender]] system. Nouns are declined for number (singular or plural) and one of seven cases:

* [[Nominative case|Nominative]] 
* [[Accusative case|Accusative]] 
* [[Genitive case|Genitive]] 
* [[Dative case|Dative]]
* [[Locative case|Locative]] 
* [[Ablative case|Ablative]]
* [[Instrumental case|Instrumental]]<ref name="slaviccenters" />

The suffix for case is placed after the suffix for number.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Declension of nouns for case<ref name="mukh" />
!Case
!Morpheme
!Possible forms
!{{lang|kk-latn|keme}} {{gloss|ship}}||{{lang|kk-latn|aua}} {{gloss|air}}||{{lang|kk-latn|şelek}} {{gloss|bucket}}||{{lang|kk-latn|säbız}} {{gloss|carrot}}||{{lang|kk-latn|bas}} {{gloss|head}}||{{lang|kk-latn|tūz}} {{gloss|salt}}||{{lang|kk-latn|qan}} {{gloss|blood}}||{{lang|kk-latn|kün}} {{gloss|day}}
|-
!Nom
| —||—||{{lang|kk-latn|keme}}||{{lang|kk-latn|aua}}||{{lang|kk-latn|şelek}}||{{lang|kk-latn|säbız}}||{{lang|kk-latn|bas}}||{{lang|kk-latn|tūz}}||{{lang|kk-latn|qan}}||{{lang|kk-latn|kün}}
|-
!Acc
| {{lang|kk-latn|-ny}}||{{lang|kk-latn|-nı, -ny, -dı, -dy, -tı, -ty}} ||{{lang|kk-latn|keme'''nı'''}}||{{lang|kk-latn|aua'''ny'''}}||{{lang|kk-latn|şelek'''tı'''}}||{{lang|kk-latn|säbız'''dı'''}}||{{lang|kk-latn|bas'''ty'''}}||{{lang|kk-latn|tūz'''dy'''}}||{{lang|kk-latn|qan'''dy'''}}||{{lang|kk-latn|kün'''dı'''}}
|-
!Gen
| {{lang|kk-latn|-nyñ}}||{{lang|kk-latn|-nıñ, -nyñ, -dıñ, -dyñ, -tıñ, -tyñ}}||{{lang|kk-latn|keme'''nıñ'''}}||{{lang|kk-latn|aua'''nyñ'''}}||{{lang|kk-latn|şelek'''tıñ'''}}||{{lang|kk-latn|säbız'''dıñ'''}}||{{lang|kk-latn|bas'''tyñ'''}}||{{lang|kk-latn|tūz'''dyñ'''}}||{{lang|kk-latn|qan'''nyñ'''}}||{{lang|kk-latn|kün'''nıñ'''}}
|-
!Dat
| {{lang|kk-latn|-ga}}||{{lang|kk-latn|-ge, -ğa, -ke, -qa}}||{{lang|kk-latn|keme'''ge'''}}||{{lang|kk-latn|aua'''ğa'''}}||{{lang|kk-latn|şelek'''ke'''}}||{{lang|kk-latn|säbız'''ge'''}}||{{lang|kk-latn|bas'''qa'''}}||{{lang|kk-latn|tūz'''ğa'''}}||{{lang|kk-latn|qan'''ğa'''}}||{{lang|kk-latn|kün'''ge'''}}
|-
!Loc
| {{lang|kk-latn|-da}}||{{lang|kk-latn|-de, -da, -te, -ta}}||{{lang|kk-latn|keme'''de'''}}||{{lang|kk-latn|aua'''da'''}}||{{lang|kk-latn|şelek'''te'''}}||{{lang|kk-latn|säbız'''de'''}}||{{lang|kk-latn|bas'''ta'''}}||{{lang|kk-latn|tūz'''da'''}}||{{lang|kk-latn|qan'''da'''}}||{{lang|kk-latn|kün'''de'''}}
|-
!Abl
| {{lang|kk-latn|-dan}}||{{lang|kk-latn|-den, -dan, -ten, -tan, -nen, -nan}}||{{lang|kk-latn|keme'''den'''}}||{{lang|kk-latn|aua'''dan'''}}||{{lang|kk-latn|şelek'''ten'''}}||{{lang|kk-latn|säbız'''den'''}}||{{lang|kk-latn|bas'''tan'''}}||{{lang|kk-latn|tūz'''dan'''}}||{{lang|kk-latn|qan'''nan'''}}||{{lang|kk-latn|kün'''nen'''}}
|-
!Inst
| {{lang|kk-latn|-men}}||{{lang|kk-latn|-men(en), -ben(en), -pen(en)}}||{{lang|kk-latn|keme'''men'''}}||{{lang|kk-latn|aua'''men'''}}||{{lang|kk-latn|şelek'''pen'''}}||{{lang|kk-latn|säbız'''ben'''}}||{{lang|kk-latn|bas'''pen'''}}||{{lang|kk-latn|tūz'''ben'''}}||{{lang|kk-latn|qan'''men'''}}||{{lang|kk-latn|kün'''men'''}}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Declension of nouns for number<ref name="slaviccenters" />
!
!Morpheme
!Possible
Forms
!{{lang|kk-latn|bala}} 
{{gloss|child}}
!{{lang|kk-latn|kirpi}}
{{gloss|hedgehog}}
!{{lang|kk-latn|qazaq}}
{{gloss|Kazakh}}
!{{lang|kk-latn|mektep}}
{{gloss|school}}
!{{lang|kk-latn|adam}}
{{gloss|person}}
!{{lang|kk-latn|gül}}
{{gloss|flower}}
!{{lang|kk-latn|söz}}
{{gloss|word}}
|-
!singular
| –
| –
|{{lang|kk-latn|bala}}
|{{lang|kk-latn|kirpi}}
|{{lang|kk-latn|qazaq}}
|{{lang|kk-latn|mektep}}
|{{lang|kk-latn|adam}}
|{{lang|kk-latn|gül}}
|{{lang|kk-latn|söz}}
|-
!plural
|{{lang|kk-latn|-lar}}
|{{lang|kk-latn|-lar, -ler, -ter, -tar, -der, -dar}}
|{{lang|kk-latn|bala'''lar'''}}
|{{lang|kk-latn|kirpi'''ler'''}}
|{{lang|kk-latn|qazaq'''tar'''}}
|{{lang|kk-latn|mektep'''ter'''}}
|{{lang|kk-latn|adam'''dar'''}}
|{{lang|kk-latn|gül'''der'''}}
|{{lang|kk-latn|söz'''der'''}}
|}

=== Pronouns ===

There are eight personal pronouns in Kazakh:

{|class="wikitable"
|+Personal pronouns<ref name=mukh/>
! colspan="2" | 
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! colspan="2" | 1st person
| {{lang|kk-latn|men}}
| {{lang|kk-latn|bız}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person
! {{small|informal}}
| {{lang|kk-latn|sen}}
| {{lang|kk-latn|sender}}
|-
! {{small|formal}}
| {{lang|kk-latn|sız}}
| {{lang|kk-latn|sızder}}
|-
! colspan="2" | 3rd person
| {{lang|kk-latn|ol}}
| {{lang|kk-latn|olar}}
|}

The declension of the pronouns is outlined in the following chart. Singular pronouns exhibit irregularities, while plural pronouns do not. Irregular forms are highlighted in bold.<ref name=mukh/>

{| class="wikitable"
! Number !! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="4" | Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" | Person !! rowspan="2" | 1st !! colspan="2" | 2nd !! rowspan="2" | 3rd !! rowspan="2" | 1st !! colspan="2" | 2nd !! rowspan="2" | 3rd
|-
! Familiar !! Polite !! Familiar !! Polite
|-
! Nominative
| {{lang|kk-latn|men}} || {{lang|kk-latn|sen}} || {{lang|kk-latn|sız}} || {{lang|kk-latn|ol}} || {{lang|kk-latn|bız}} || {{lang|kk-latn|sender}} || {{lang|kk-latn|sızder}} || {{lang|kk-latn|olar}}
|-
! Genitive
|'''{{lang|kk-latn|menıñ}}'''||'''{{lang|kk-latn|senıñ}}'''|| {{lang|kk-latn|sızdıñ}} ||'''{{lang|kk-latn|onyñ}}''' || {{lang|kk-latn|bızdıñ}} || {{lang|kk-latn|senderdıñ}} || {{lang|kk-latn|sızderdıñ}} || {{lang|kk-latn|olardyñ}}
|-
! Dative
| '''{{lang|kk-latn|mağan}}''' || '''{{lang|kk-latn|sağan}}''' || {{lang|kk-latn|sızge}} ||'''{{lang|kk-latn|oğan}}''' || {{lang|kk-latn|bızge}} || {{lang|kk-latn|senderge}} || {{lang|kk-latn|sızderge}} || {{lang|kk-latn|olarğa}}
|-
! Accusative
| '''{{lang|kk-latn|menı}}''' || '''{{lang|kk-latn|senı}}''' || {{lang|kk-latn|sızdı}} ||'''{{lang|kk-latn|ony}}''' || {{lang|kk-latn|bızdı}} || {{lang|kk-latn|senderdı}} || {{lang|kk-latn|sızderdı}} || {{lang|kk-latn|olardy}}
|-
! Locative
| {{lang|kk-latn|mende}} || {{lang|kk-latn|sende}} || {{lang|kk-latn|sızde}} || {{lang|kk-latn|onda}} || {{lang|kk-latn|bızde}} || {{lang|kk-latn|senderde}} || {{lang|kk-latn|sızderde}} || {{lang|kk-latn|olarda}}
|-
! Ablative
| '''{{lang|kk-latn|menen}}''' || '''{{lang|kk-latn|senen}}''' || {{lang|kk-latn|sızden}} ||'''{{lang|kk-latn|odan}}''' || {{lang|kk-latn|bızden}} || {{lang|kk-latn|senderden}} || {{lang|kk-latn|sızderden}} || {{lang|kk-latn|olardan}}
|-
! Instrumental
| '''{{lang|kk-latn|menımen}}''' || '''{{lang|kk-latn|senımen}}''' || {{lang|kk-latn|sızben}} ||'''{{lang|kk-latn|onymen}}''' || {{lang|kk-latn|bızben}} || {{lang|kk-latn|sendermen}} || {{lang|kk-latn|sızdermen}} || {{lang|kk-latn|olarmen}}
|}

In addition to the pronouns, there are several more sets of morphemes dealing with person.<ref name=mukh/>

{|class="wikitable"
|+Morphemes indicating person<ref name=mukh/>
!||Pronouns||Copulas||Possessive endings||Past/Conditional
|-
!1st sg
|{{lang|kk-latn|men}}||{{lang|kk-latn|-mın/-myn}}||{{lang|kk-latn|-(ı)m/-(y)m}}||{{lang|kk-latn|-(ı)m/-(y)m}}
|-
!2nd sg
|{{lang|kk-latn|sen}}||{{lang|kk-latn|-sıñ/-syñ}}||{{lang|kk-latn|-(ı)ñ/-(y)ñ}}||{{lang|kk-latn|-(ı)ñ}}
|-
!2nd sg formal
|{{lang|kk-latn|sız}}||{{lang|kk-latn|-sız/-syz}}||{{lang|kk-latn|-(ı)ñız/-(y)ñyz}}||{{lang|kk-latn|-(ı)ñız/-(y)ñyz}}
|-
!3rd sg
|{{lang|kk-latn|ol}}||–||{{lang|kk-latn|-(s)ı/-(s)y}}||–
|-
!1st pl
|{{lang|kk-latn|bız}}||{{lang|kk-latn|-mız/-myz}}||{{lang|kk-latn|-(ı)mız/-(y)myz}}||{{lang|kk-latn|-(ı)k/-(y)q}}
|-
!2nd pl
|{{lang|kk-latn|sender}}||{{lang|kk-latn|-sıñder/-syñdar}}||{{lang|kk-latn|-laryñ/-lerıñ}} ||{{lang|kk-latn|-(ı)ñder/-(y)ñdar}}
|-
!2nd pl formal
| {{lang|kk-latn|sızder}} || {{lang|kk-latn|-sızder/-syzdar}} || {{lang|kk-latn|-(ı)ñız/-(y)ñyz}} ||{{lang|kk-latn|-(ı)ñızder/-(y)ñyzdar}}
|-
!3rd pl
|{{lang|kk-latn|olar}}||–||{{lang|kk-latn|-lary/-lerı}}||–
|}

=== Adjectives ===
[[Adjective]]s in Kazakh are not declined for any [[grammatical category]] of the modified noun. Being a [[Head-directionality parameter|head-final]] language, adjectives are always placed before the noun that they modify. Kazakh has two varieties of adjectives:

* '''Qualitative''' – used to describe properties of the noun, such as color
* '''Relational''' – adjectives formed from words from other parts of speech<ref name="slaviccenters"/>

=== Degrees of comparison ===

==== Comparative ====
The [[Comparison (grammar)|comparative]] form can be created by appending the suffix {{lang|kk-latn|-(y)raq/-(ı)rek}} or {{lang|kk-latn|-tau/-teu/-dau/-dau}} to an adjective.

==== Superlative ====
The [[superlative]] form can be created by placing the morpheme {{lang|kk-latn|eñ}} before the adjective.<ref name="slaviccenters" /> The superlative form can also be expressed by reduplication.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dotton |first=Zura |last2=Doyle Wagner |first2=John |title=A Grammar of Kazakh |url=https://slaviccenters.duke.edu/sites/slaviccenters.duke.edu/files/file-attachments/kazakh-grammar.pdf |journal=Duke University |pages=53}}</ref>

===Verbs===
Kazakh may express different combinations of [[grammatical tense|tense]], [[grammatical aspect|aspect]] and [[grammatical mood|mood]] through the use of various verbal morphology or through a system of [[auxiliary verbs]], many of which might better be considered light verbs. The present tense is a prime example of this; progressive tense in Kazakh is formed with one of four possible auxiliaries. These auxiliaries {{lang|kk-latn|otyr}} {{gloss|sit}}, {{lang|kk-latn|tūr}} {{gloss|stand}}, {{lang|kk-latn|jür}} {{gloss|go}} and {{lang|kk-latn|jat}} {{gloss|lie}}, encode various shades of meaning of how the action is carried out and also interact with the lexical semantics of the root verb: telic and non-telic actions, semelfactives, durative and non-durative, punctual, etc. There are selectional restrictions on auxiliaries: motion verbs, such as {{lang|kk|бару}} {{gloss|go}} and {{lang|kk|келу}} {{gloss|come}} may not combine with {{lang|kk-latn|otyr}}. Any verb, however, can combine with {{lang|kk-latn|jat}} {{gloss|lie}} to get a progressive tense meaning.<ref name=mukh/>
{|class="wikitable"
|+Progressive aspect in the present tense<ref name=mukh/>
|-
!Kazakh||Aspect||English translation
|-
|{{lang|kk-latn|Men jüzemın}}||non-progressive||{{gloss|I (will) swim [every day].}}
|-
|{{lang|kk-latn|Men jüzıp jatyrmyn}}||progressive||{{gloss|I am swimming [right now].}}
|-
|{{lang|kk-latn|Men jüzıp otyrmyn}}||progressive/durative||{{gloss|I am [sitting and] swimming. / I have been swimming.}}
|-
|{{lang|kk-latn|Men jüzıp tūrmyn}}||progressive/punctual||{{gloss|I am [in the middle of] swimming [this very minute].}}
|-
|{{lang|kk-latn|Men jüzıp jürmın}}||habitual||{{gloss|I swim [frequently/regularly]}}
|}
While it is possible to think that different categories of aspect govern the choice of auxiliary, it is not so straightforward in Kazakh. Auxiliaries are internally sensitive to the lexical semantics of predicates, for example, verbs describing motion:<ref name=mukh/>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Selectional restrictions on Kazakh auxiliaries<ref name=mukh/>
|-
!width=50%|Sentence
!width=50%|Auxiliary Used
|-
|{{interlinear|Suda balyq jüzedı|water-LOC fish swim-PRES-3|'Fish swim in water' (general statement)|lang=kk}}
|∅ (present/future tense used)
|-
|{{interlinear|Suda balyq jüzıp jatyr|water-LOC fish swim-CVB AUX.3|'The/A fish is swimming in the water'|lang=kk}}
|'''{{lang|kk-latn|jat}}'''－ {{gloss|to lie}}, general marker for progressive aspect.
|-
|{{interlinear|Suda balyq jüzıp jür|water-LOC fish swim-CVB AUX.3|'The fish is swimming [as it always does] in the water'|lang=kk}}
|'''{{lang|kk-latn|jür}}''' – {{gloss|go}}, dynamic/habitual/iterative
|-
|{{interlinear|Suda balyq jüzıp tūr|water-LOC fish swim-CVB AUX.3|'The fish is swimming in the water'|lang=kk}}
|'''{{lang|kk-latn|tūr}}''' – {{gloss|stand}}, progressive marker to show the swimming is punctual
|-
|{{interlinear|* Suda balyq jüzıp otyr|{} water-LOC fish swim-CVB AUX.3|*The fish has been swimming|lang=kk}}
''Not a possible sentence in Kazakh''
|'''{{lang|kk-latn|otyr}}''' – {{gloss|sit}}, ungrammatical in this sentence; {{lang|kk-latn|otyr}} can only be used for verbs that are [[stative verb|stative]] in nature
|}

In addition to the complexities of the progressive tense, there are many auxiliary-converb pairs that encode a range of aspectual, modal, volitional, evidential and action- modificational meanings. For example, the pattern verb + {{lang|kk-latn|köru}}, with the auxiliary verb {{lang|kk-latn|köru}} {{gloss|see}}, indicates that the subject of the verb attempted or tried to do something (compare the Japanese {{lang|ja|てみる}} {{lang|ja-latn|temiru}} construction).<ref name=mukh/>