Editing Kautokeino Municipality (section)

=== 1752&ndash;1940 ===
In 1752, church herder Johan Björkman was registered as the only permanent resident in Kautokeino. By 1756, it was reported that there were three permanent resident families at the church site: Matz Hinderson Hetta and his family, bell-ringer Michel Andersson Kemi and his family, and Oluf Andersson Tornensis and his family. The reindeer herding Sami around Kautokeino led a nomadic existence, following the migrations of the reindeer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nasjonalbiblioteket |url=https://www.nb.no/items/74cf9cb28dba7df16fc9817edc946733?page=15&searchText=kautokeinostudier |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=www.nb.no}}</ref> P.L Smith estimates in the book "Kautokeino og Kautokeino lappene" that the population in the area covering today's Kautokeino municipality was 481 people in 1754, based on church records, which he considers to be a fairly accurate census shortly after Kautokeino became part of Norway following the border drawing in 1751.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nasjonalbiblioteket |url=https://www.nb.no/items/9e7e3477d1d0c26e31a0cd678f0c4c77?page=155&searchText=grensesperringen |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=www.nb.no}}</ref>

In 1845, measurements were made for [[Struve Geodetic Arc]] at the mountain tops of Lodiken (Luvdiidcohkka) and Bealjasvarri in Kautokeino.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuriosetet ved HiST |url=http://hit.hist.no/arkiv_3_08_bakover/HA.10-2006/REDAKSJON/teodolitten.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101091118/http://hit.hist.no/arkiv_3_08_bakover/HA.10-2006/REDAKSJON/teodolitten.html |archive-date=1 January 2015 |language=no}}</ref>

==== Russia Bans Reindeer Migration Across the Border to Finland ====
Major Emigration from Kautokeino In 1852, the border to [[Finland]] was closed to reindeer migration. This led to a significant number of reindeer herding Sami moving from Kautokeino, with a particularly large emigration to Karesuando, but many also moved to [[Skjervøy Municipality]]. P.L Smith writes in the book ''Kautokeino og Kautokeino lappene'' that 310 people moved from Kautokeino to [[Karesuando]] and Skjervøy between 1852 and 1889, taking with them approximately 25 to 30 thousand reindeer. It is estimated that about 60 people later moved back to Kautokeino.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nasjonalbiblioteket |url=https://www.nb.no/items/9e7e3477d1d0c26e31a0cd678f0c4c77?page=279&searchText=grensesperringen |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=www.nb.no}}</ref>

In 1852, Kautokeino was the site of a [[Sami revolt in Guovdageaidnu|Sami uprising]] against representatives of the Norwegian authorities. This was one of the few violent reactions by the Sami against the exploitation policies of the Norwegian government and was the only known confrontation between Samis and Norwegians with loss of human lives.

==== The first emigration to Alaska in 1894 ====
On April 10, 1894, 19 people left Kautokeino for Alaska, consisting of 6 families and 1 bachelor. The journey was organized by Willian A Kjellmann from Talvik on behalf of [[Sheldon Jackson]] in Alaska. Sheldon Jackson's purpose was to use the Sami's expertise in reindeer herding to teach this knowledge to the Inuit in Alaska.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nasjonalbiblioteket |url=https://www.nb.no/items/43bcab8c203342aaa9513c72111ff623?page=37 |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=www.nb.no}}</ref> The names of those who left from Kautokeino are listed below, organized by families: Per Aslaksen Rist and his wife Berit Anne Andersdatter Spein with their daughters Marit and Inger.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nasjonalbiblioteket |url=https://www.nb.no/items/43bcab8c203342aaa9513c72111ff623?page=39&searchText=%22per%20aslaksen%20rist%22 |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=www.nb.no}}</ref> Johan Speinsen Tornensis, his wife Marit Grete Salomonsdatter Näkkäläjärvi, and their daughter Marit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nasjonalbiblioteket |url=https://www.nb.no/items/43bcab8c203342aaa9513c72111ff623?page=39&searchText=%22Johan%20speinsen%22 |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=www.nb.no}}</ref> Mikkel Josefsen Näkkälä and his wife Berit Anne Klemetsdatter Hætta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nasjonalbiblioteket |url=https://www.nb.no/items/43bcab8c203342aaa9513c72111ff623?page=39&searchText=%22Mikkel%20Josefsen%22 |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=www.nb.no}}</ref> Samuel Johnsen Kemi, his wife Kirsten Persdatter Bals, and their children Samuel and Karen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nasjonalbiblioteket |url=https://www.nb.no/items/43bcab8c203342aaa9513c72111ff623?page=39&searchText=%22Samuel%20Johnsen%20kemi%22 |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=www.nb.no}}</ref> Mathis Aslaksen Eira, his wife Berit Johannsedatter Hætta, and their son Aslak.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nasjonalbiblioteket |url=https://www.nb.no/items/43bcab8c203342aaa9513c72111ff623?page=39&searchText=%22Mathis%20Aslaksen%20eira%22 |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=www.nb.no}}</ref> Aslak Larsen Somby and his wife Brita Olsdatter Nango.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nasjonalbiblioteket |url=https://www.nb.no/items/43bcab8c203342aaa9513c72111ff623?page=39&searchText=%22aslak%20Larsen%20somby%22 |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=www.nb.no}}</ref> Bachelor Fredrik Larsen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nasjonalbiblioteket |url=https://www.nb.no/items/43bcab8c203342aaa9513c72111ff623?page=39&searchText=%22fredrik%20Larsen%22 |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=www.nb.no}}</ref>

==== The 1898 Manitoba Journey ====
Departing from Alta on February 4, 1898, the vessel Manitoba set sail for New York. It carried 539 reindeer and 113 passengers, including 44 individuals from Kautokeino, all part of the Manitoba Journey. This expedition aimed to avert starvation among [[Klondike, Yukon|Klondike]] gold miners by moving reindeer from Finnmark to the Klondike. Additionally, it sought to establish reindeer farming in Alaska as a means to provide a consistent food source for Alaskans.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Norske pionerer i Alaska - |url=https://polarhistorie.no/artikler/2012/Norske%20pionerer%20i%20Alaska.html#:~:text=I%201898%20seilte%20dampskipet%20Manitoban,kj%C3%B8pe%20inn%20reinsdyr%20til%20Alaska. |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=polarhistorie.no |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310190203/https://polarhistorie.no/artikler/2012/Norske%20pionerer%20i%20Alaska.html#:~:text=I%201898%20seilte%20dampskipet%20Manitoban,kj%C3%B8pe%20inn%20reinsdyr%20til%20Alaska. |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nasjonalbiblioteket |url=https://www.nb.no/items/43bcab8c203342aaa9513c72111ff623?page=61&searchText=manitoba |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=www.nb.no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nasjonalbiblioteket |url=https://www.nb.no/items/43bcab8c203342aaa9513c72111ff623?page=69&searchText=manitoba |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=www.nb.no}}</ref>

==== Population Figures in 1900 ====
The year 1900 saw Kautokeino home to 267 settled Sami individuals and 522 Sami engaged in reindeer herding, making up a total population of 789.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nasjonalbiblioteket |url=https://www.nb.no/items/43bcab8c203342aaa9513c72111ff623?page=217&searchText=kautokeino |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=www.nb.no}}</ref> In total, 63 people traveled to Alaska from Kautokeino in 1894 and 1898. Relative to the population in 1900, 63 people would have constituted about 7% of the population in 1900. Some of those who traveled in 1894 and 1898 later returned to Kautokeino, so the number does not precisely indicate the proportion of the population in Kautokeino that emigrated to America permanently.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nasjonalbiblioteket |url=https://www.nb.no/items/43bcab8c203342aaa9513c72111ff623?page=49&searchText=%22reiste%20tilbake%22 |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=www.nb.no}}</ref>

==== Referendum on the dissolution of the union in 1905 ====
In Kautokeino, 100% of those who voted in the [[1905 Norwegian union dissolution referendum|referendum]] were in favour of Norway being a kingdom after the [[Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden|dissolution]] of the [[Union between Sweden and Norway|union with Sweden]]. Kautokeino was one of 2 municipalities in Norway where 100% voted for the kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nasjonalbiblioteket |url=https://www.nb.no/items/fea20f381c87eff37846e84a83803533?page=0&searchText=samenes%20historie |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=www.nb.no}}</ref>

==== Reindeer Herding Project in Newfoundland 1908-1910 ====
On 14 December 1907, the ship Anita departed from Alta bound for [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] in America. Onboard were two families from Masi in Kautokeino, a married couple from Kvalsund, and 300 reindeer. In 1909, another family from Masi joined them. The purpose of the journey was to introduce reindeer herding in Newfoundland. A total of 12 individuals from Masi made the trip in 1908 and 1909. The project concluded in 1910, and the families returned to Masi. A child was born in Newfoundland, so in total, 13 people returned to Masi in 1910.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samer, rein og reindrift i Newfoundland {{!}} UiT |url=https://uit.no/nyheter/artikkel?p_document_id=220274 |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=uit.no |language=nb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nystad |first=Kristine |title=Vulge Newfoundlandi Boazobargin |journal=Muitalusat Ja Dahpahusat Guovdageinnus 16/ Fortellinger og Hendelser I Kautokeino 16 (Samisk). Kautokeino Historielag. |language=se |issue=16 |pages=32–34}}</ref>

==== The Otto von Rosen affair ====
Between 15 and 20 January 1917, the Swedish Baron [[Otto von Rosen]] was arrested in what is now the Kautokeino municipality or in today's Karasjok municipality, near the border with Finland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nasjonalbiblioteket |url=https://www.nb.no/items/e76fbe98c0042b348e02ebad24fb845f?page=3&searchText=%22von%20rosen%22 |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=www.nb.no}}</ref> He was suspected of espionage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nasjonalbiblioteket |url=https://www.nb.no/items/URN:NBN:no-nb_digavis_romerikesblad_null_null_19170202_16_9_1 |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=www.nb.no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nasjonalbiblioteket |url=https://www.nb.no/items/URN:NBN:no-nb_digavis_oestfinmarkensfolkeblad_null_null_19170205_6_10_1 |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=www.nb.no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nasjonalbiblioteket |url=https://www.nb.no/items/URN:NBN:no-nb_digavis_dagbladet_null_null_19170202_49_32_1 |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=www.nb.no}}</ref> He was sent to Kristiania (now Oslo) and released in February 1917 without conviction but expelled to Sweden. It turned out that when his luggage was searched, it contained spy equipment and a sugar cube containing anthrax bacteria. This was confirmed by analysis 80 years later.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nasjonalbiblioteket |url=https://www.nb.no/items/00fa697208fce45cacf0fa7a8ea2b2f8?page=27&searchText=%22otto%20von%20rosen%22 |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=www.nb.no}}</ref> Otto von Rosen had been mentioned in newspapers for suspicious activity in the Karesuando area earlier in January, and was then suspected of being a German spy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nasjonalbiblioteket |url=https://www.nb.no/items/44acdd70d0c5905ee26ba43709995ee9?page=1&searchText=%22von%20rosen%22 |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=www.nb.no}}</ref> Finland in 1917 was part of the Russian Empire and at war with Germany. The distance between Karesuando and Kautokeino is approximately 70 kilometers in a straight line.

==== The Spanish flu 1919 ====
Kautokeino was severely affected by a wave of the [[Spanish flu]] in January 1919; that month, 24 people died in the municipality, corresponding to 2.2% of the population.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Nygaard |first=Ingrid Hellem |title=Isolerte samfunn? Spanskesyken i Kautokeino og Karasjok (1918-20) Masteroppgave i historie ved lektorutdanningen 8-13, HIS-3980, mai 2021 |url=https://munin.uit.no/bitstream/handle/10037/22082/thesis.pdf?sequence=2 |access-date=4 May 2023}}</ref> In 1920, Kautokeino had a population of 979 people.<ref name=":7" />

==== Telephone to Kautokeino ====
Kautokeino was connected to the country's telephone network in October 1919 when the telephone line to Alta was completed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nasjonalbiblioteket |url=https://www.nb.no/items/2960d437b32e61eb489f4d939628d8dc?page=1&searchText=%22kautokeino%22 |access-date=4 May 2023 |website=www.nb.no}}</ref>

==== Reindeer Herding Project in Baffin Island 1921-1923 ====
In 1921, 3 families from Masi and 1 bachelor from Kautokeino were recruited for a reindeer herding project in [[Baffin Island]], Canada, under the auspices of the [[Hudson's Bay Company|Hudson Bay Company]]. The group, consisting of 13 people and 600-700 reindeer, departed from Alta on 19 October 1921, aboard the ship [[SS Nascopie|Nascobie]]. Their destination was [[Amadjuak]] Bay on Baffin Island, and the purpose of this reindeer herding project was the same as previous ones involving reindeer in America, namely to introduce domestic reindeer herding and thus ensure a stable food supply for the residents. The project concluded in 1923, and all participants returned home to Masi and Kautokeino.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nystad |first=Kristine |title=Baffinsullui bálkáhuvvon oahpahit inuihtaideboazodoalu 1921-1923 |journal=Muitalusat ja dáhpahusat Guovdageainnus 15/ Fortellinger og hendelser i Kautokeino 15 |language=se |volume=15 |pages=60–67}}</ref>

==== Reindeer herding project at the mouth of the Mackenzie River from 1931 ====
3 families from Kautokeino traveled to the northern coast of [[Canada]], to the area where the [[Mackenzie River]] flows into the sea, near the present-day town of [[Inuvik]], which was founded later in 1953. The group totaled 10 people.<ref name="ooj">{{Cite book |last=Johansen |first=Dag Ove |title=Landet Bakom |publisher=Bondens Forlag |year=2022 |isbn=978-82-90044-36-2 |edition=2 |location=Rognan}}</ref> The purpose of this project, too, was to introduce reindeer herding and secure a stable food supply for the local population.<ref name=ooj/> Two of the families returned to Kautokeino after 5 and 7 years, while one family remained in Canada, and their descendants continued reindeer herding in the area until recently.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rensberg |first=Vaino Natasha |date=2015-11-06 |title=Tonje Blomseth vurderte å flytte til Canada for å overta 4500 rein |url=https://www.nrk.no/sapmi/tonje-blomseth-vurderte-a-flytte-til-canada-for-a-overta-4500-rein-1.12638813 |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=NRK |language=nb-NO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nasjonalbiblioteket |url=https://www.nb.no/items/43bcab8c203342aaa9513c72111ff623?page=161&searchText=kautokeino |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=www.nb.no}}</ref> The reindeer were sourced from [[Alaska]], and the chief herder who led the reindeer from Alaska to the mouth of the Mackenzie River was Anders Bær, born in the mountains between Kautokeino Municipality and [[Karasjok Municipality]], with a father from Kautokeino.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nasjonalbiblioteket |url=https://www.nb.no/items/43bcab8c203342aaa9513c72111ff623?page=145&searchText=anders%20b%C3%A6r |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=www.nb.no}}</ref> He had emigrated to Alaska in 1898. The journey from Alaska to the mouth of the Mackenzie River took 5 years, from 1929 to 1935. Anders Bær earned the nickname "the Arctic Moses" after leading the reindeer to Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-16 |title=Remembering 'The Arctic Moses' {{!}} Viking Fest |url=https://www.kitsapdailynews.com/news/remembering-the-arctic-moses-viking-fest/ |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=Kitsap Daily News |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Crown Prince couple visits Kautokeino ====
On Tuesday, 27 March 1934, [[Olav V of Norway|Crown Prince Olav]] and [[Princess Märtha of Sweden|Crown Princess Märtha]] arrived in Kautokeino. The Crown Prince couple stayed in Kautokeino until Thursday, 29 March (Maundy Thursday), before continuing to Karasjok. In Kautokeino, the royal couple was greeted by 80 children who sang three songs in Sami to honor their arrival. On Maundy Thursday, the Crown Prince couple attended a service at Kautokeino Old Church from 1701 before departing further to Karasjok.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nasjonalbiblioteket |url=https://www.nb.no/items/00f62341b01b9cb1f361077855210088?page=1&searchText=kautokeino |access-date=4 May 2023 |website=www.nb.no}}</ref>

==== Nomadic life ====
Adolf Steen writes in his book Kautokeino Studies that in the 1930s there was one winter house in the eastern mountains, which means that the vast majority of reindeer-herding Sami still lived in [[lavvu]] (traditional Sami tents) and gamme (turf huts) all year round.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nasjonalbiblioteket |url=https://www.nb.no/items/74cf9cb28dba7df16fc9817edc946733?page=15&searchText=kautokeinostudier |access-date=4 May 2023 |website=www.nb.no}}</ref>