Editing Jupiter (section)

==== Great Red Spot and other vortices ====
[[File:PIA21775.jpg|thumb|alt=A very distorted image of a large, red anticyclonic storm|Close-up of the Great Red Spot imaged by the [[Juno spacecraft|''Juno'' spacecraft]] in true colour. Due to the way ''Juno'' takes photographs, the stitched image has extreme [[barrel distortion]].]]
A well-known feature of Jupiter is the [[Great Red Spot]],<ref name="NYT-20171213">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=The Great Red Spot Descends Deep into Jupiter |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/13/science/jupiter-great-red-spot-juno.html |date=December 13, 2017 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=December 15, 2017 |archive-date=December 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215042159/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/13/science/jupiter-great-red-spot-juno.html |url-status=live }}</ref> a persistent [[anticyclonic storm]] located 22° south of the equator. It was first observed in 1831,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Denning |first=William F. |author-link=William Frederick Denning|title=Jupiter, early history of the great red spot on |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] |year=1899 |volume=59 |issue=10 |pages=574–584 |bibcode=1899MNRAS..59..574D |doi=10.1093/mnras/59.10.574|doi-access=free }}</ref> and possibly as early as 1665.<ref name="kyrala26">{{cite journal |last=Kyrala |first=A. |title=An explanation of the persistence of the Great Red Spot of Jupiter |journal=Moon and the Planets |year=1982 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=105–107 |bibcode=1982M&P....26..105K |doi=10.1007/BF00941374|s2cid=121637752 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28758/28758-h/28758-h.htm | title=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society | editor-first=Henry | editor-last=Oldenburg | volume=1 | date=1665–1666 | publisher=Project Gutenberg | access-date=December 22, 2011 | archive-date=March 4, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001941/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28758/28758-h/28758-h.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> Images by the [[Hubble Space Telescope]] have shown two more "red spots" adjacent to the Great Red Spot.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Red Spot Appears on Jupiter|url=http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2008/23/image/a/|last1=Wong|first1=M.|last2=de Pater|first2=I.|website=HubbleSite|publisher=[[NASA]]|date=May 22, 2008|access-date=December 12, 2013|archive-date=December 16, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216055125/http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2008/23/image/a/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Three Red Spots Mix It Up on Jupiter|url=http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2008/27/image/a/|last1=Simon-Miller|first1=A.|last2=Chanover|first2=N.|last3=Orton|first3=G.|website=HubbleSite|publisher=[[NASA]]|date=July 17, 2008|access-date=April 26, 2015|archive-date=May 1, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501093610/http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2008/27/image/a/|url-status=live}}</ref> The storm is visible through Earth-based [[telescope]]s with an [[aperture]] of 12&nbsp;cm or larger.<ref>{{cite book |first=Michael A. |last=Covington |date=2002 |title=Celestial Objects for Modern Telescopes |page=[https://archive.org/details/celestialobjects00covi/page/53 53] |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52419-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/celestialobjects00covi/page/53 }}</ref> The storm rotates counterclockwise, with a [[period (physics)|period]] of about six days.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Cardall | first1=C. Y. | last2=Daunt | first2=S. J. | url=http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/jupiter/redspot.html | title=The Great Red Spot | publisher=University of Tennessee | access-date=February 2, 2007 | archive-date=March 31, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331125637/http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/jupiter/redspot.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The maximum altitude of this storm is about {{convert|8|km|0}} above the surrounding cloud tops.<ref>{{cite book | title=Jupiter, the Giant of the Solar System | page=5 | publisher=NASA | date=1979 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KuBYXLt4K9MC&pg=PA5 | access-date=March 19, 2023 | archive-date=March 26, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164803/https://books.google.com/books?id=KuBYXLt4K9MC&pg=PA5 | url-status=live }}</ref> The Spot's composition and the source of its red colour remain uncertain, although photodissociated [[ammonia]] reacting with [[acetylene]] is a likely explanation.<ref>{{cite journal | title=A possibly universal red chromophore for modeling colour variations on Jupiter | last1=Sromovsky | first1=L. A. | last2=Baines | first2=K. H. | last3=Fry | first3=P. M. | last4=Carlson | first4=R. W. | journal=Icarus | volume=291 | pages=232–244 | date=July 2017 | doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2016.12.014 | arxiv=1706.02779 | bibcode=2017Icar..291..232S | s2cid=119036239 }}</ref>

The Great Red Spot is larger than the Earth.<ref name="sp.news20151125">{{cite news |url=http://space.news/2015-11-25-is-jupiters-great-red-spot-nearing-its-twilight.html |title=Is Jupiter's Great Red Spot nearing its twilight? |work=Space.news |first=Greg |last=White |date=November 25, 2015 |access-date=April 13, 2017 |archive-date=April 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414082402/http://space.news/2015-11-25-is-jupiters-great-red-spot-nearing-its-twilight.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Mathematical model]]s suggest that the storm is stable and will be a permanent feature of the planet.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Laboratory simulation of Jupiter's Great Red Spot |first1=Jöel |last1=Sommeria |first2=Steven D. |last2=Meyers |first3=Harry L. |last3=Swinney |journal=Nature |volume=331 |issue=6158 |pages=689–693 |date=February 25, 1988 |doi=10.1038/331689a0 |bibcode=1988Natur.331..689S|s2cid=39201626 }}</ref> However, it has significantly decreased in size since its discovery. Initial observations in the late 1800s showed it to be approximately {{cvt|25500|mi|km|order=flip}} across. {{As of|2015}}, the storm was measured at approximately {{convert|10250|by|6800|mi|km|order=flip}},<ref name="Simon2015">{{cite conference |title=Dramatic Change in Jupiter's Great Red Spot |conference=46th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. March 16–20, 2015. The Woodlands, Texas. |first1=Amy A. |last1=Simon | last2=Wong | first2=M. H. | last3=Rogers | first3=J. H. | last4=Orton | first4=G. S. | last5=de Pater | first5=I. | last6=Asay-Davis | first6=X. | last7=Carlson | first7=R. W. | last8=Marcus | first8=P. S. | date=March 2015 |bibcode=2015LPI....46.1010S}}</ref> and was decreasing in length by about {{cvt|580|mi|km|order=flip}} per year.<ref name="sp.news20151125"/> In October 2021, a ''Juno'' flyby mission measured the depth of the Great Red Spot, putting it at around {{convert|300|-|500|km}}.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Grush|first=Loren|date=October 28, 2021|title=NASA's ''Juno'' spacecraft finds just how deep Jupiter's Great Red Spot goes|url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/10/28/22749095/nasa-juno-jupiter-great-red-spot-depth|access-date=October 28, 2021|website=The Verge|language=en|archive-date=October 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028212214/https://www.theverge.com/2021/10/28/22749095/nasa-juno-jupiter-great-red-spot-depth|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Juno'' missions found several cyclone groups at Jupiter's poles. The northern group contains nine cyclones, with a large one in the centre and eight others around it, while its southern counterpart also consists of a centre vortex but is surrounded by five large storms and a single smaller one for a total of seven storms.<ref name=Adriani_et_al_2018>{{cite journal| title=Clusters of cyclones encircling Jupiter's poles| last1=Adriani | first1=Alberto | last2=Mura | first2=A. | last3=Orton | first3=G. | last4=Hansen | first4=C. | last5=Altieri | first5=F. | last6=Moriconi | first6=M. L. | last7=Rogers | first7=J. | last8=Eichstädt | first8=G. | last9=Momary | first9=T. | last10=Ingersoll | first10=A. P. | last11=Filacchione | first11=G. | last12=Sindoni | first12=G. | last13=Tabataba-Vakili | first13=F. | last14=Dinelli | first14=B. M. | last15=Fabiano | first15=F. | last16=Bolton | first16=S. J. | last17=Connerney | first17=J. E. P. | last18=Atreya | first18=S. K. | last19=Lunine | first19=J. I. | last20=Tosi | first20=F. | last21=Migliorini | first21=A. | last22=Grassi | first22=D. | last23=Piccioni | first23=G. | last24=Noschese | first24=R. | last25=Cicchetti | first25=A. | last26=Plainaki | first26=C. | last27=Olivieri | first27=A. | last28=O'Neill | first28=M. E. | last29=Turrini | first29=D. | last30=Stefani | first30=S. | last31=Sordini | first31=R. | last32=Amoroso | first32=M. | display-authors=5 | journal=Nature |volume=555 |issue=7695 |pages=216–219|date=March 2018 |doi=10.1038/nature25491 |pmid=29516997 | bibcode=2018Natur.555..216A| s2cid=4438233 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=NASA Just Watched a Mass of Cyclones on Jupiter Evolve Into a Mesmerising Hexagon| url=https://www.sciencealert.com/june-watched-a-pentagon-of-storms-on-jupiter-evolve-into-a-hexagon| last=Starr| first=Michelle| date=December 13, 2017| website=Science Alert| access-date=May 26, 2021| archive-date=May 26, 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526205728/https://www.sciencealert.com/june-watched-a-pentagon-of-storms-on-jupiter-evolve-into-a-hexagon| url-status=live}}</ref> 

In 2000, an atmospheric feature formed in the southern hemisphere that is similar in appearance to the Great Red Spot, but smaller. This was created when smaller, white oval-shaped storms merged to form a single feature—these three smaller white ovals were formed in 1939–1940. The merged feature was named [[Oval BA]]. It has since increased in intensity and changed from white to red, earning it the nickname "Little Red Spot".<ref>{{cite web |first=Bill |last=Steigerwald |date=October 14, 2006 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2006/little_red_spot.html |title=Jupiter's Little Red Spot Growing Stronger |publisher=NASA |access-date=February 2, 2007 |archive-date=April 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405155701/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2006/little_red_spot.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title=Vertical structure of Jupiter's Oval BA before and after it reddened: What changed? | last1=Wong | first1=Michael H. | last2=de Pater | first2=Imke | last3=Asay-Davis | first3=Xylar | last4=Marcus | first4=Philip S. | last5=Go | first5=Christopher Y. | journal=Icarus | volume=215 | issue=1 |pages=211–225 | date=September 2011 | doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2011.06.032 | bibcode=2011Icar..215..211W | url=http://cfd.me.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/wong-publlished-1.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://cfd.me.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/wong-publlished-1.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live | access-date=April 27, 2022 }}</ref>

In April 2017, a "Great Cold Spot" was discovered in Jupiter's thermosphere at its [[Jupiter's North Pole|north pole]]. This feature is {{cvt|24000|km}} across, {{cvt|12000|km}} wide, and {{convert|200|C-change}} cooler than surrounding material. While this spot changes form and intensity over the short term, it has maintained its general position in the atmosphere for more than 15 years. It may be a giant [[vortex]] similar to the Great Red Spot, and appears to be [[Metastability|quasi-stable]] like the [[Vorticity|vortices]] in Earth's thermosphere. This feature may be formed by interactions between charged particles generated from Io and the strong magnetic field of Jupiter, resulting in a redistribution of heat flow.<ref name="Stallard et Al., 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Stallard |first1=Tom S. |last2=Melin |first2=Henrik |last3=Miller |first3=Steve |last4=Moore |first4=Luke |last5=O'Donoghue |first5=James |last6=Connerney |first6=John E. P. |last7=Satoh |first7=Takehiko |last8=West |first8=Robert A. |last9=Thayer |first9=Jeffrey P. |last10=Hsu |first10=Vicki W. |last11=Johnson |first11=Rosie E. |date=April 10, 2017 |title=The Great Cold Spot in Jupiter's upper atmosphere |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=44 |issue=7 |pages=3000–3008 |bibcode=2017GeoRL..44.3000S |doi=10.1002/2016GL071956 |pmc=5439487 |pmid=28603321}}</ref>