Editing John Foster Dulles (section)

===U.S. Senator===
Dewey appointed Dulles to the United States Senate to replace the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] incumbent Robert F. Wagner, who had resigned for ill health. Dulles served from July 7 to November 8, 1949. He lost the [[1949 United States Senate special election in New York|1949 special election]] to finish the term to Democratic nominee [[Herbert H. Lehman]].<ref>Pruessen, 398–403.</ref>

In 1950, Dulles published ''War or Peace'', a critical analysis of the American policy of [[containment]], which was favored by the foreign policy elite in Washington, particularly in the [[History of the Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] [[Truman administration|administration of Harry S. Truman]], whose foreign policy Dulles criticized and instead advocated a policy of "liberation."<ref>Pruessen, 433–441.</ref>