Editing Jansenism (section)

==Political opposition to Jansenism==
[[File:Julio kardinalë-Düki-ya-Mazarini.jpg|left|thumb|[[Cardinal Mazarin]] (1602–1661), Italian Catholic prelate who served as [[chief minister]] to [[Louis XIII]] and [[Louis XIV]] until his death in 1661, and prominent opponent of Jansenism]]Though initially religious, the opposition to Jansenism quickly gained a political aspect. Upon the death of [[Louis XIII]] in 1643, [[Cardinal Mazarin]] took the same positions as his predecessor Richelieu in combatting the 'Jansenist party'. The 'Jansenist party' tended to attract former [[Frondeurs]] after the failure of their revolt in 1653. Although the Jansenists were not involved in the Fronde, they were quickly associated with the revolt because of the support they received from nobles such as [[Anne Geneviève de Bourbon|Anne Geneviève de Bourbon, Duchess of Longueville]] (who had a house built in Port-Royal-des-Champs) and her brother [[Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti]]. The Arnauld family was suspected of being linked to the parliamentary Fronde. In addition, the actions of certain Solitaires to abandon worldly life and to withdraw completely from the [[Royal court|Court]] worried Mazarin, who saw it as a possible source of political dissent.<ref name="Chantin-1996" />{{Rp|pages=|page=17}}
In 1657, the [[Assembly of the French clergy]], relying on ''[[Ad sanctam beati Petri sedem]]'', drew up a formula of faith condemning Jansenism. The Assembly declared that signing the formula was compulsory for all French clergy. Many Jansenists remained firmly committed to Arnauld's distinction between matters ''de jure'' and ''de facto'', and refused to sign. The ''[[Petites écoles de Port-Royal]]'' (the 'Little Schools of Port-Royal') were thus dissolved. The archbishop of Paris, [[Hardouin de Péréfixe de Beaumont]], went several times to the monastery of Port-Royal to urge the nuns to sign the formula, but in vain. He therefore [[Interdict (Catholic canon law)|interdicted]] them from receiving the sacraments on 21 August 1664. This was a severe condemnation of Jansenism. A few days later, the leaders of the Jansenists were forced outside the monastery, then all the nuns who refused to sign were kept together at Port-Royal-des-Champs, while the nuns who did sign were gathered at the monastery in Paris.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lesaulnier |first=Jean |title=Chronologie de Port-Royal des Champs |date=2004 |publisher=Chroniques de Port-Royal |edition=n° 54 |pages=22–23 |language=fr |trans-title=Chronology of Port-Royal-des-Champs}}</ref>

Mazarin did not manage to fight effectively against Jansenism; rather it would be [[Louis XIV]] who achieved the near-total suppression of the movement. Early in his reign he was haunted by the memory of the Fronde, which proved to be his strongest opponent upon his true assumption of power in March 1660. In December 1660, he brought Mazarin together with the presidents of the Assembly asked them to proceed with coercing the clergy to sign the formula.<ref name="Gazier-1923" />{{Rp|page=|pages=124–125}} The signing of the formula, which reiterated the condemnation of the five propositions by Innocent X in ''Cum occasione'', was, according to Jean-Pierre Chantin, "a true test of orthodoxy imposed upon the entire clergy".<ref name="Chantin-1996" />{{Rp|pages=|page=48}} The Jansenists and the nuns of Port-Royal were divided as to what attitude to adopt. Antoine Arnauld applied the distinction between matters ''de jure'' and ''de facto''; he agreed to condemn the propositions, but maintained reservations about their presence within ''Augustinus''. However, the ecclesiastical authorities rejected this distinction. Many priests and nuns refused to sign the formula.
[[File:Louis-xiv-lebrunl.jpg|thumb|[[Louis XIV]] (1638–1715), King of France from 1643 to 1715, who took up the mantle of both the religious and political repression of Jansenism from [[Cardinal Mazarin]]]]
As soon as Mazarin died, on 9 March 1661, Louis XIV ordered the dispersion of the novices and residents of the monasteries of Port-Royal-des-Champs and [[Port-Royal de Paris]]. The convent was also forbidden to accept new novices, which guaranteed that it would eventually die out. Affairs were further complicated by several bishops who also desired to maintain the distinction between matters ''de jure'' and ''de facto'' regarding the formula. This was the case with four noteworthy bishops, who were condemned by Rome and Louis XIV: [[François-Étienne Caulet]], bishop of [[Pamiers]], [[Nicolas Pavillon]], bishop of [[Alès]], {{Interlanguage link|Nicolas Choart de Buzenval|lt=Nicolas Choart de Buzenval|fr|Nicolas Choart de Buzenval}}, bishop of Beauvais and [[Henri Arnauld]], Bishop of Angers.

=== Formulary controversy: 1664–1669 ===
{{main|Formulary controversy}}

At the urging of several bishops, and at the personal insistence of King [[Louis XIV]], Pope Alexander VII sent to France the [[apostolic constitution]] ''[[Regiminis Apostolici]]'' in 1664, which required, according to the {{lang|la|[[Enchiridion symbolorum]]}}, "all ecclesiastical personnel and teachers" to subscribe to an included [[formulary (model documents)|formulary]], the ''[[Formula of Submission for the Jansenists]]''.<ref name="DH2012">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2012 |title=Compendium of Creeds, Definitions, and Declarations on Matters of Faith and Morals |encyclopedia=Enchiridion symbolorum: a compendium of creeds, definitions and declarations of the Catholic Church |publisher=Ignatius Press |location=San Francisco |editor1-last=Denzinger |editor1-first=Heinrich |edition=43rd |isbn=978-0898707465 |editor2-last=Hünermann |editor2-first=Peter |editor3-last=Fastiggi |editor3-first=Robert L. |editor4-last=Nash |editor4-first=Anne Englund |display-editors=2}}</ref>{{rp|at=n. 2020}}

The formula was the basis of the [[Formulary Controversy]]. Many Jansenists refused to sign it; while some did sign, they made it known that they were agreeing only to the doctrine (matters ''de jure''), not the allegations asserted by the bull (matters ''de facto''). The latter category included the four Jansenist-leaning bishops, who communicated the bull to their flocks along with messages that maintained the distinction between doctrine and fact. This angered both Louis XIV and Alexander VII, who commissioned nine French bishops to investigate the situation.

Alexander VII died in 1667 before the commission concluded its investigation and his successor, [[Pope Clement IX]], initially appeared willing to continue the investigation of the nine Jansenist-leaning bishops. However, in France, Jansenists conducted a campaign arguing that allowing a papal commission of this sort would constitute a renouncement of the traditional liberties of the [[Gallicanism|Gallican Church]], thus playing on traditional French opposition to [[ultramontanism]]. They convinced one member of the cabinet (Lyonne) and nineteen bishops of their position. These bishops argued, in a letter to Clement IX, that the [[infallibility of the Church]] applied only to matters of [[revelation]], and not to matters of fact. They asserted that this was the position of [[Caesar Baronius]] and [[Robert Bellarmine]]. They also argued in a letter to Louis XIV that allowing the investigation to continue would result in political discord.

[[File:Carlo Maratta - Portrait of Pope Clement IX.jpg|thumb|[[Pope Clement IX]] (1600–1669), whose intervention in the [[Formulary Controversy]] led to a 32-year lull (1669–1701) in the controversy over Jansenism known as the ''Clementine Peace'']]

Under these circumstances, the [[papal nuncio]] to France recommended that Clement IX accommodate the Jansenists. Clement agreed, and appointed [[César d'Estrées]], [[Bishop of Laon]], as a mediator in the matter. Two bishops who had signed the letter to the pope, [[Louis Henri de Pardaillan de Gondrin]], [[Archbishop of Sens]], and Félix Vialart de Herse, [[Bishop of Châlons-sur-Marne]], assisted d'Estrées. D'Estrées convinced the four bishops, Arnauld, Choart de Buzenval, Caulet and Pavillon, to sign the ''Formula of Submission for the Jansenists'' (though it seems they may have believed that signing the formulary did not mean assent to the matters ''de facto'' that it contained). The pope, initially happy that the four bishops had signed, became angry when he was informed that they had done so with reservations. Clement IX ordered his nuncio to conduct a new investigation. Reporting back, the nuncio declared: "they have condemned and caused to be condemned the five propositions with all manner of sincerity, without any exception or restriction whatever, in every sense in which the Church has condemned them". However, he reported that the four bishops continued to be evasive as to whether they agreed with the pope as to the matter ''de facto''. In response, Clement IX appointed a commission of twelve cardinals to further investigate the matter.<ref name="Catholic" /> This commission determined that the four bishops had signed the formula in a less than entirely sincere manner, but recommended that the matter should be dropped to forestall further divisions in the Church. Foreign wars also pressured Louis XIV to avoid internal conflict. The pope agreed and thus issued four briefs, declaring the four bishops' agreement to the formula was acceptable, thus instituting the ''Paix clémentine'' ('Clementine Peace') which lasted from 1669 to 1679.<ref name="Gazier-1923" />{{Rp|page=|pages=179–188}}