Editing Jane Jacobs (section)

== Legacy ==
Jacobs is credited, along with [[Lewis Mumford]], with inspiring the [[New Urbanism|New Urbanist]] movement.<ref>{{cite news|first=Aaron|last=Bernstein|url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2004-08-15/jane-jacobs-sticking-up-for-cities|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923101529/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2004-08-15/jane-jacobs-sticking-up-for-cities|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 September 2012|title=Jane Jacobs: Sticking Up For Cities|newspaper=Business Week|date=15 August 2004|access-date=28 November 2012}}</ref> She has been characterized as a major influence on [[Decentralization|decentralist]]<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Hannum|editor-first=Hildegarde|date=1997|title=People, Land, and Community|publisher=E. F. Schumacher Society|pages=8, 105–106|isbn=978-0-300-07173-3}}</ref> and [[Radical center (politics)|radical centrist]] thought.<ref>{{cite book|last=Satin|first=Mark|date=2004|title=Radical Middle: The Politics We Need Now|publisher=Westview Press and Basic Books|page=[https://archive.org/details/radicalmiddlepol00sati/page/30 30]|isbn=978-0-8133-4190-3|url=https://archive.org/details/radicalmiddlepol00sati/page/30}}</ref> She discussed her legacy in an interview with ''[[Reason (magazine)|Reason]]'' magazine.

{{blockquote|text =
'''''Reason''''': What do you think you'll be remembered for most? You were the one who stood up to the federal bulldozers and the urban renewal people and said they were destroying the lifeblood of these cities. Is that what it will be?

'''Jacobs''': No. If I were to be remembered as a really important thinker of the century, the most important thing I've contributed is my discussion of what makes economic expansion happen. This is something that has puzzled people always. I think I've figured out what it is.

Expansion and development are two different things. Development is differentiation of what already existed. Practically every new thing that happens is a differentiation of a previous thing, from a new shoe sole to changes in legal codes. Expansion is an actual growth in size or volume of activity. That is a different thing.

I've gone at it two different ways. Way back when I wrote ''The Economy of Cities'', I wrote about import replacing and how that expands, not just the economy of the place where it occurs, but economic life altogether. As a city replaces imports, it shifts its imports. It doesn't import less. And yet it has everything it had before.

'''''Reason''''': It's not a zero-sum game. It's a bigger, growing pie.

'''Jacobs''': That's the actual mechanism of it. The theory of it is what I explain in ''The Nature of Economies''. I equate it to what happens with biomass, the sum total of all flora and fauna in an area. The energy, the material that's involved in this, doesn't just escape the community as an export. It continues being used in a community, just as in a rainforest the waste from certain organisms and various plants and animals gets used by other ones in the place.|author=Jane Jacobs|source="City Views: Urban studies legend Jane Jacobs on gentrification, the New Urbanism, and her legacy", ''[[Reason (magazine)|Reason]]'', June 2001, Interviewer: Bill Steigerwald}}

While Jacobs saw her greatest legacy to be her contributions to economic theory, it is in the realm of urban planning that she has had her most extensive effect. Her observations about the ways in which cities function revolutionized the urban planning profession and discredited many accepted planning models that had dominated mid-century planning.<ref name=Klemek_2011>{{cite journal|last=Klemek|first=Christopher|url=https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/dead-or-alive-at-fifty-reading-jane-jacobs-on-her-golden-anniversary|title=Dead or Alive at Fifty? Reading Jane Jacobs on her Golden Anniversary|journal=[[Dissent (American magazine)|Dissent]]|date=Spring 2011|volume=58|issue=2|pages=75–79|doi=10.1353/dss.2011.0045 }}</ref> The influential Harvard economist [[Edward Glaeser]], known for his work on urban studies, acknowledged <ref name=Glaeser_2007-01-19>[[Edward Glaeser|Glaeser, Edward L.]] (2007) [http://www.nysun.com/arts/great-cities-need-great-builders/47012/ Great Cities Need Great Builders] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024043702/http://www.nysun.com/arts/great-cities-need-great-builders/47012/ |date=24 October 2017 }}, ''[[The New York Sun]]'', 19 January 2007</ref> that Jane Jacobs (1960s) had been prescient in attacking Moses for "replacing well-functioning neighborhoods with [[Le Corbusier]]-inspired towers". Glaeser agreed that these housing projects proved to be Moses' greatest failures, "Moses spent millions and evicted tens of thousands to create buildings that became centers of crime, poverty, and despair."<ref name=Glaeser_2007-01-19 />

She also was famous for introducing concepts such as the "Ballet of the Sidewalk" and "Eyes on the Street", a reference to what would later be known as [[natural surveillance]]. The concept had a huge influence on planners and architects such as [[Oscar Newman (architect)|Oscar Newman]], who prepared the idea through a series of studies that would culminate in his [[defensible space theory]]. The work of Jacobs and Newman would go on to affect American housing policy through the [[HOPE VI]] Program, an effort by the [[United States Department of Housing and Urban Development]] to demolish the high-rise public housing projects so reviled by Jacobs and to replace them with low-rise, [[mixed-income housing]].

Throughout her life, Jacobs fought to alter the way in which city development was approached. By arguing that cities were living beings and ecosystems, she advocated ideas such as "mixed use" development and bottom-up planning. Furthermore, her harsh criticisms of "slum clearing" and "high-rise housing" projects were instrumental in discrediting these once universally supported planning practices.<ref name="DMartin" /><ref name="Howe, R 2005" />

Jacobs is remembered as being an advocate for the mindful development of cities,<ref name="Lang, G 2009" /> and for leaving "a legacy of empowerment for citizens to trust their common sense and become advocates for their place".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Goldsmith|first1=Stephen A.|last2=Elizabeth|first2=Lynne|date=2009|title=What We See: Advancing the Observations of Jane Jacobs|publisher=New Village Press|location=Oakland, California|isbn=978-0-9815593-1-5}}</ref>

Despite the fact that Jacobs mainly focused on New York City, her arguments have been identified as universal.<ref name="Lang, G 2009">{{cite book|last1=Lang|first1=G.|last2=Wunsch|first2=M.|date=2009|title=Genius of Common Sense: Jane Jacobs and the Story of the Death and Life of Great American Cities|publisher=David R. Godine|location=New York}}</ref> For instance, her opposition against the demolition of urban neighborhoods for projects of urban renewal had "special resonance" in [[Melbourne]], Australia.<ref name="Howe, R 2005">{{cite book|last=Howe|first=R.|date=2005|chapter=The Spirit of Melbourne: 1960s Urban Activism in Inner-City Melbourne|editor-first1=Seamus|editor-last1=O'Hanlon|editor-first2=Tanja|editor-last2=Luckins|title=Go! Melbourne in the Sixties, Circa|publisher=Beaconsfield|pages=218–230}}</ref> In Melbourne in the 1960s, resident associations fought against large-scale high-rise housing projects of the [[Housing Commission of Victoria]], which they argued had little regard for the impact on local communities.<ref name="Howe, R 2005" />

Jacobs fought an uphill battle against dominant trends of planning. Despite the United States remaining very much a suburban nation,<ref name=Klemek_2011 /> the work of Jacobs has contributed to city living being rehabilitated and revitalized. Because of her ideas, today, many distressed urban neighborhoods are more likely to be [[gentrification|gentrified]] than cleared for redevelopment.<ref name=Klemek_2011 />

{{blockquote|text = It may be that we have become so feckless as a people that we no longer care how things do work, but only what kind of quick, easy outer impression they give. If so, there is little hope for our cities or probably for much else in our society. But I do not think this is so.|author=Jane Jacobs|source=''The Death And Life of Great American Cities'', 1961}}

{{blockquote|text = In her book 'Death and Life of Great American Cities,' written in 1961, Ms. Jacobs's enormous achievement was to transcend her own withering critique of 20th-century urban planning and propose radically new principles for rebuilding cities. At a time when both common and inspired wisdom called for bulldozing slums and opening up city space, Ms. Jacobs's prescription was ever more diversity, density and dynamism – in effect, to crowd people and activities together in a jumping, joyous urban jumble.|author=Martin Douglas|source=''The New York Times'', 25 April 2006}}

[[Samuel R. Delany]]'s book ''[[Times Square Red, Times Square Blue]]'' relies heavily on ''[[The Death and Life of Great American Cities]]'' in its analysis of the nature of social relations within the realm of urban studies.

=== Jane Jacobs Days ===
After the death of Jacobs in April 2006, New York City Mayor [[Michael Bloomberg]] announced a Jane Jacobs Day, held on 28 June 2006.{{sfn|Flint|2009|p=194}} The City of Toronto proclaimed her birthday the following year, 4 May 2007, as Jane Jacobs Day.

=== Jane's Walks ===
[[File:Janes Walk Fort York.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A "[[Jane's Walk]]" group pauses at [[Fort York]] National Historic Site in Toronto]]
In connection with Jane Jacobs Day in Toronto, two dozen free neighborhood walks in the city were offered that weekend (5 May 2007) as an active memorial to Jacobs, and they were dubbed [[Jane's Walk]]s. Later, a Jane's Walk event was held in New York on 29–30 September 2007. In 2008, the event spread to eight cities and towns throughout Canada, and by 2016, Jane's Walks were taking place in 212 cities in 36 countries, on six continents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://janeswalk.org/information/cities/|title=Add a City|work=[[Jane's Walk]]|access-date=17 February 2017}}</ref> The interpretive walks typically apply ideas Jacobs identified or espoused to local areas, which are explored on foot and sometimes by bicycle. The walks normally take place in early May, on or close to her 4 May birth anniversary. Walks are organized and led by local volunteers, coordinated by a headquarters office in Toronto. There are more than 200 walks offered in Toronto, alone, in 2016, taking place on  6, 7 and 8 May.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://janeswalk.org/canada/toronto|title=Toronto, ON |work=Jane's Walk|access-date=17 February 2017}}</ref>

=== Exhibitions ===
In 2016, to mark the hundredth birth anniversary of Jane Jacobs, a Toronto gallery staged "Jane at Home", an exhibition running from 29 April – 8 May. Curated by Jane's son, Jim Jacobs, it offered glimpses of her home life, where she also worked. Her Toronto living room was represented, based on the one at her Albany Avenue house in [[The Annex]], where she often spoke with noted thinkers and political leaders including [[Marshall McLuhan]], [[Paul Martin]], and the [[Monarchy of the Netherlands|Queen of the Netherlands]]. On display were her typewriter, original manuscripts, rediscovered photographs demonstrating her distinctive styles,<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Lange|first=Alexandra|url=http://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/jane-jacobs-georgia-okeeffe-and-the-power-of-the-marimekko-dress|title=Jane Jacobs, Georgia O'Keeffe, and the Power of the Marimekko Dress|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|date=23 June 2017}}</ref> and personal mementos. The exhibit included furniture from previous homes in New York (her dining room is set up) and from Scranton, Pennsylvania.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.torontosun.com/2016/04/08/toronto-gallery-shows-how-jane-jacobs-lived-and-worked-at-home |title=Toronto gallery shows how Jane Jacobs lived and worked at home |newspaper=Toronto Sun |last=Fuhrmann |first=Mark |date=11 April 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://www.urbanspacegallery.ca/exhibits/jane-home Jane at Home] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505144334/http://www.urbanspacegallery.ca/exhibits/jane-home |date=5 May 2016 }}, Urbanspace Gallery, Toronto, 2016</ref>

In 2007, the [[Municipal Art Society]] of New York partnered with the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] to host an exhibit focusing on "Jane Jacobs and the Future of New York", which opened at the society in September that year. The exhibit aimed to educate the public on her writings and activism and used tools to encourage new generations to become active in issues involving their own neighborhoods. An accompanying exhibit publication included essays and articles by such architecture critics, artists, activists, and journalists as [[Malcolm Gladwell]], [[Reverend Billy and the Church of Stop Shopping|Reverend Billy]], [[Robert Neuwirth]], [[Tom Wolfe]], [[Thomas de Monchaux]], and [[William McDonough]].<ref>{{cite web|website=urbancenterbooks.org |url=http://www.urbancenterbooks.org/jane_jacobs.html |title=Jane Jacobs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927151653/http://www.urbancenterbooks.org/jane_jacobs.html |archive-date=27 September 2011 }}</ref> Many of these contributors participated in a series of panel discussions on "Jane Jacobs and the Future of New York".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mas.org/images/media/original/JJMedalists.pdf |title=Rockefeller Foundation news advisory |access-date=28 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607213026/http://www.mas.org/images/media/original/JJMedalists.pdf |archive-date=7 June 2011 }}</ref>

=== Jane Jacobs Medal ===
As a tribute to Jacobs, the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], which had awarded grants to Jacobs in the 1950s and 1960s, announced on 9 February 2007, the creation of the '''Jane Jacobs Medal''', "to recognize individuals who have made a significant contribution to thinking about [[urban design]], specifically in New York City".<ref>[http://www.nysun.com/article/48375/ The Jane Jacobs Medal Created by Rockefeller] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214131120/http://www.nysun.com/article/48375 |date=14 February 2007 }}, [[The New York Sun]], 9 February 2007</ref> Recipients include:
* [[Barry Benepe]], co-founder of the New York City [[Farmers' Market (New York City)|Green Market program]] and a founding member of [[Transportation Alternatives]], was awarded with the inaugural Jane Jacobs Medal for Lifetime Leadership and a $100,000 cash prize in September 2007. The inaugural Jane Jacobs Medal for New Ideas and Activism was awarded to Omar Freilla, the founder of [[Green Worker Cooperatives]] in the [[South Bronx]]; Mr. Freilla donated his $100,000 to his organization.
* [[Peggy Shepard]], executive director of [[West Harlem Environmental Action]], received the 2008 Jane Jacobs Medal for Lifetime Leadership and [[Alexie Torres-Fleming]], founder of Youth Ministries for Peace and Justice, received the award for New Ideas and Activism. Both women received their medals and $100,000 awards at a dinner ceremony in September 2008 in New York City.
* Damaris Reyes, executive director of Good Old Lower East Side (GOLES), received the 2009 Jane Jacobs Medal for New Ideas and Activism. Richard Kahan, as founder and CEO of the Urban Assembly, which created and manages 22 secondary public schools located in many of the lowest income neighborhoods in New York City, received the 2009 Jane Jacobs Medal for Lifetime Leadership. Both received $100,000, in addition to the medal.<ref>{{cite web |author=Press Releases |url=http://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/news/press-releases/rockefeller-foundation-honors-two-new |title=Rockefeller Foundation Honors Two New Yorker's Urban Activism with 2009 Jane Jacobs Medal :: News |publisher=The Rockefeller Foundation |date=24 June 2009 |access-date=28 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723103732/http://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/news/press-releases/rockefeller-foundation-honors-two-new |archive-date=23 July 2011 }}</ref>
* The 2010 recipients were Joshua David and Robert Hammond, whose work in establishing the [[High Line Park]] atop an unused elevated railroad line, led the foundation to award the 2010 Jane Jacobs Medal for New Ideas and Activism, along with $60,000 to each man. The 2010 Jane Jacobs Medal for Lifetime Leadership was given to [[Elizabeth Barlow Rogers]], for her longtime work as writer, park administrator, and co-founder of [[Central Park Conservancy]]. She received $80,000 as well.<ref>{{cite web |author=Press Releases |url=http://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/news/press-releases/rockefeller-foundation-honors-three-new |title=Rockefeller Foundation Honors Three New Yorkers' Urban Activism with 2010 Jane Jacobs Medal :: News |publisher=The Rockefeller Foundation |date=20 July 2010 |access-date=28 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723103743/http://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/news/press-releases/rockefeller-foundation-honors-three-new |archive-date=23 July 2011 }}</ref>

The [[Canadian Urban Institute]] offers an award to honor her, the '''Jane Jacobs Lifetime Achievement Award''', to recognize a person "who has had significant impact on the health of their region consistent with Jane Jacob's belief that successful cities foster a place-based, community-centered approach".<ref>[http://www.canurb.org/urban-leadership-day/?rq=Jane%20Jacobs%20Lifetime%20Achievement%20Award Urban Leadership Day] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604095508/http://www.canurb.org/urban-leadership-day/?rq=Jane%20Jacobs%20Lifetime%20Achievement%20Award |date=4 June 2016 }}, Canadian Urban Institute, 2015</ref> The 2011 winner was [[Eberhard Zeidler (architect)|Eberhard Zeidler]],<ref>[http://canurb.org/sites/default/files/events/2011/ULA/pdfs/2011_JaneJacobs_Media_Release_web.pdf 2011 announcement]{{dead link|date=May 2016}}, Canadian Urban Institute</ref> while his daughter, [[Margie Zeidler]], won the 2015 award. In 2012, [[Anne Golden]] took the prize "for her long-standing leadership in public policy, her academic work and her varied leadership experience in business, not-for-profit and government sectors".<ref>[http://blog.martinprosperity.org/2012/04/cui-awards-recognize-urban-leaders-across-canada/ CUI Awards recognize Urban Leaders across Canada] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810055530/http://blog.martinprosperity.org/2012/04/cui-awards-recognize-urban-leaders-across-canada/ |date=10 August 2016 }}, Martin Prosperity Blog, 4 April 2012</ref> [[William Teron|William (Bill) Teron]] accepted the 2013 award "for his influential career in public policy and passionate advocacy for quality design and commitment to development in the Ottawa area".<ref>[https://www.canadianarchitect.com/architecture/2013-urban-leadership-award-recipients-announced/1002194951/ 2013 Urban Leadership Award recipients announced] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308204331/https://www.canadianarchitect.com/architecture/2013-urban-leadership-award-recipients-announced/1002194951/ |date=8 March 2016 }}, Canadian Architect, 28 March 2013</ref> In 2014, [[Jack Diamond (architect)|Jack Diamond]] was recognized for his "contribution to improving the built form and advocacy for cities and the future of the [[Greater Toronto Area]]".<ref>[https://www.canadianarchitect.com/architecture/cui-announces-the-2014-urban-leadership-award-recipients/1003059691/ CUI announces the 2014 Urban Leadership Award recipients] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012062722/https://www.canadianarchitect.com/architecture/cui-announces-the-2014-urban-leadership-award-recipients/1003059691/ |date=12 October 2016 }}, Canadian Architect, 9 May 2014</ref>

In April 2014, ''[[Spacing (magazine)|Spacing]]'' was appointed the stewards of the Jane Jacobs Prize. ''Spacing'', winners of the prize in 2010, has continued to provide the award with a new life and new ways of promoting (and finding) the winners.

=== Other honors ===
* Jane Jacobs Way, West Village, New York City (Hudson Street and Eleventh Street, New York, New York)
* Jane Jacobs Park, 11 [[Wellesley Street, Toronto|Wellesley Street]] West, Toronto (construction began in 2016)
* Jane Jacobs sculptural chairs, [[Victoria Memorial Square]] (St. John's Square), Toronto<ref>[http://www.torontohistory.org/Pages/Victoria_Memorial_Square.html Victoria Memorial Square] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601233718/http://www.torontohistory.org/Pages/Victoria_Memorial_Square.html |date=1 June 2016 }}, TorontoPlaques.com</ref>
* Jane Jacobs [[Heritage Toronto#Plaques and Markers|Toronto Legacy Plaque]], 69 Albany Avenue, Toronto<ref>[http://heritagetoronto.org/2011-toronto-legacy-plaques/ 2011 Toronto Legacy Plaques] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604052407/http://heritagetoronto.org/2011-toronto-legacy-plaques/ |date=4 June 2016 }}, Heritage Toronto, 2011</ref>
* Jacobs' Ladder, rose bushes dedicated by Grassroots Albany (neighbors) in 1997, Toronto
* Jane Jacobs Street, [[Mount Pleasant, South Carolina]]
* Jane Jacobs Street (Village of Cheshire) [[Black Mountain, North Carolina]]
* a [[Google Doodle]] marked the 100th anniversary of Jacobs's birth, on 4 May 2016, and was featured on Google's homepage in 15 countries on four continents<ref>[https://doodles.google/doodle/jane-jacobs-100th-birthday/ Jane Jacobs' 100th birthday], Google, 4 May 2016</ref>
* a conference room at the offices of the New Economics Foundation in London is named in honor of Jacobs

Jacobs received the second [[Vincent Scully Prize]] from the [[National Building Museum]] in 2000.<ref name="vincent scully prize">{{cite web | url=http://www.nbm.org/support-us/awards_honors/scully-prize/ | title=Vincent Scully Prize | publisher=National Building Museum | access-date=26 June 2012}}</ref>

Jacobs is the subject of the 2017 documentary film ''Citizen Jane: Battle for the City'', which depicts her victories over Robert Moses and her philosophy of urban design.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kenny |first1=Glenn |title=Review: Jacobs and Moses Star in 'Citizen Jane: Battle for the City' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/19/movies/citizen-jane-battle-for-the-city-review.html |access-date=28 January 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=19 April 2017}}</ref>