Editing James V (section)

== Marriages ==
[[File:Unknown artist - James V (1512–1542), Father of Mary, Queen of Scots, Reigned 1513–1542 - PG 686 - National Galleries of Scotland.jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait of James V]]

As early as August 1517, a clause of the [[Treaty of Rouen (1517)|Treaty of Rouen]] provided that if the [[Auld Alliance]] between France and Scotland was maintained, James should have a daughter of [[Francis I of France]] as a bride. Yet by the 1520s Francis's two surviving daughters were too frail or too young.<ref>Hay, Denys, ''Letters of James V'' (HMSO, 1954), pp. 51–52.</ref> In 1528 the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] and the English diplomat [[Thomas Magnus]] both raised the possibility of a marriage between the King and his cousin, [[Mary I of England|Princess Mary]], while that same year, [[Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy|Margaret of Austria]], Charles V's aunt, suggested that James should marry Charles's sister, [[Mary of Austria, Queen of Hungary|Mary of Austria]].<ref>''State Papers Henry VIII'', vol. 4 part IV (London, 1836), p. 545.</ref> Charles V also proposed James marry his niece, [[Maria of Portugal, Duchess of Viseu|Maria of Portugal]]. Perhaps to remind Francis I of his obligations, in 1529 James V began negotiations for his marriage elsewhere, sending the [[John Stewart, Duke of Albany|Duke of Albany]] to Rome to negotiate a marriage to [[Catherine de' Medici]], the niece of [[Pope Clement VII]].<ref>Hay, Denys, ed., ''The Letters of James V'', HMSO (1954), pp. 173, 180–182, 189,</ref> By 1533 there was discussion of James marrying one of his second cousins, [[Christina of Denmark|Christina]] or [[Dorothea of Denmark, Electress Palatine|Dorothea]], the daughters of [[Christian II of Denmark]], while in 1534 [[Margaret of Valois-Angoulême]], sister of Francis I, suggested her sister-in-law [[Isabella of Navarre, Viscountess of Rohan|Isabella]].<ref>''Calendar of State Papers Venice'', vol. 4 (London, 1871), no. 861.</ref>

In December 1534, Francis I insisted that his eldest daughter [[Madeleine of Valois|Madeleine]]'s health was too poor for marriage, suggesting that James V should marry [[Mary of Bourbon]], daughter of the [[Charles, Duke of Vendôme|Duke of Vendôme]], instead to fulfil the Treaty of Rouen. Again, the Duke of Albany briefly entertained the idea that James might marry Christina of Denmark, and the King halted progress on the marriage negotiations. There was also an investigation into the possibility of James marrying his former mistress, [[Margaret Erskine]] before the negotiations resumed again, and in March 1536 a final contract made for Mary of Bourbon to marry James V. She would have a dowry as if she were a French princess, and Francis I consolidated the agreement by sending James the collar of the [[Order of Saint Michael]] as a token of his affection.<ref>Hay, Denys, ed., ''The Letters of James V'' (HMSO: Edinburgh, 1954), 318: Bapst, E., ''Les Mariages de Jacques V'', 273.</ref>

=== Marriage to Madeleine of Valois ===
[[File:MadeleinedeValois.jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait of [[Madeleine of Valois]] by [[Corneille de Lyon]]]]

James decided to travel to France to meet his prospective bride in person. He sailed from [[Kirkcaldy]] on 1 September 1536, with the earls of [[James Hamilton, Duke of Châtellerault|Arran]], [[Archibald Campbell, 4th Earl of Argyll|Argyll]] and [[George Leslie, 4th Earl of Rothes|Rothes]], [[Malcolm Fleming, 3rd Lord Fleming|Lord Fleming]], [[David Beaton]] and a force of 500 men in a fleet of six ships, using the ''[[English ship Mary Willoughby|Mary Willoughby]]'' as his flagship.<ref>''State Papers Henry VIII'', vol. 5 part 4 cont. (London, 1836), pp. 59–60.</ref> Before his departure, James appointed six [[regent|vice-regents]] to govern Scotland in his absence.<ref>The vice-regents were [[Gavin Dunbar (archbishop of Glasgow)|Gavin Dunbar, Archbishop of Glasgow]] (the [[Lord Chancellor of Scotland|Lord Chancellor]]), [[James Beaton|James Beaton, Archbishop of St Andrews]], the earls of [[George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly|Huntly]], [[William Graham, 2nd Earl of Montrose|Montrose]], and [[Hugh Montgomerie, 1st Earl of Eglinton|Eglinton]], and [[Robert Maxwell, 5th Lord Maxwell|Lord Maxwell]] ({{Harvnb|Cameron|1998|p=288}}).</ref> In the event, James V would be away from Scotland for eight months, becoming the first Scottish king to voluntarily remain away from his realm since [[David II of Scotland|David II]] almost two hundred years earlier.<ref>Cameron, Jamie, ''James V'', Tuckwell (1998), p. 133.</ref> Arriving at [[Dieppe]] a week later, the Scots travelled to the Duke of Vendôme's court at [[Saint-Quentin, Aisne|Saint-Quentin]]. However, on meeting Mary of Bourbon, James V was not impressed by her. He then travelled south to the French court at the [[Château d'Amboise]], where he met Madeleine, and again pressed Francis for her hand in marriage. Fearing the harsh climate of Scotland would prove fatal to his daughter's already failing health, Francis initially refused to permit the marriage, but the couple persuaded Francis to reluctantly grant permission to their marriage.<ref>[[Rosalind K. Marshall]], ''Scottish Queens, 1034–1714'' (John Donald: Edinburgh, 2003), pp. 102–103.</ref> The marriage contract was signed in November, with Francis I granting Madeleine a [[dowry]] of 100,000 [[écu]], and a further 30,000 [[French franc|francs]] a year for James.<ref>Rosalind K. Marshall, ''Scottish Queens, 1034–1714'' (John Donald: Edinburgh, 2003), p. 104.</ref>

James V renewed the Auld Alliance and fulfilled the terms of the Treaty of Rouen on 1 January 1537 by marrying Madeleine at [[Notre-Dame de Paris]]. James received papal approval in the form of the [[Blessed sword and hat]], and was granted the title of ''[[Defender of the Faith]]'' by [[Pope Paul III]] on 19 January 1537, symbolising the hopes of the papacy that he would resist the path that his uncle Henry VIII had followed.<ref>Jamie Cameron, ''James V'' (East Linton: Tuckwell, 1998), p. 288.</ref><ref>Denys Hay, ''Letters of James V'', HMSO (1954), 328.</ref> After months of festivities and celebrations, and visits to [[Château de Chantilly|Chantilly]], [[Compiègne]] and [[Rouen]] (where Madeleine fell ill), the royal couple embarked for Scotland in May 1537, arriving at [[Leith]] on 19 May.<ref>''State Papers Henry VIII'', vol. 5 part 4 cont., (1836), 79, Clifford to Henry VIII.</ref> Madeleine wrote to her father from Edinburgh on 8 June 1537 saying that she was better and her symptoms had diminished.<ref>[[Denys Hay]], ''Letters of James V'' (Edinburgh: HMSO, 1954), pp. 331–332.</ref> However, a month later, on 7 July 1537, Queen Madeleine died in her husband's arms at [[Holyrood Palace]] of [[tuberculosis]].<ref name="Marshall108">Marshall, Rosalind, ''Scottish Queens, 1034–1714'' (John Donald: Edinburgh, 2003), p. 108.</ref> James V wrote to Francis I to inform him of what had happened, saying that if it were not for the fact that he was relying on the French king to remain his "good father", he would be in even greater pain.<ref name=Marshall108/> The Queen was interred in [[Holyrood Abbey]] in [[Edinburgh]].

=== Marriage to Mary of Guise ===
[[File:Attributed to Corneille de Lyon - Mary of Guise, 1515 - 1560. Queen of James V - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait of [[Mary of Guise]] attributed to [[Corneille de Lyon]], {{Circa}} 1537]]

Following Madeleine's death, James V's thoughts turned to a second French bride to further the interests of the Franco-Scottish alliance. David Beaton was sent to France to persuade Francis I to agree to James marrying his only surviving daughter, [[Margaret of Valois, Duchess of Berry|Margaret]].<ref name=Marshall108/> Francis offered [[Mary of Guise]] as a bride instead. The daughter of [[Claude, Duke of Guise]], Mary had recently been widowed by the death of her husband, [[Louis II d'Orléans, Duke of Longueville]]. David Beaton wrote to James V from [[Lyon]] in October 1537 that Mary was "stark (strong), well complexioned, and fit to travel", and that her father was "marvellous desirous of the expedition and hasty end of the matter," and had already consulted with his brother, [[Antoine, Duke of Lorraine]], and Mary herself.<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=75719 ''Letters & Papers Henry VIII'', vol. 12, part 2 (London, 1891)] no. 962: Lang, Andrew, 'Letters of Cardinal Beaton, ''SHR'' (1909), 156: Marshall (1977), 45, (which suggests he thought the couple had not met)</ref> The marriage contract was finalised in January 1538, with James V receiving a [[dowry]] of 150,000 [[French livre|livres]]. As was customary, if the King died first, Mary would retain for her lifetime her [[jointure]] houses of [[Falkland Palace]], [[Stirling Castle]], [[Dingwall Castle]] and [[Threave Castle]], along with the rentals of the earldoms of [[Earl of Fife|Fife]], [[Earl of Strathearn|Strathearn]], [[Earl of Ross|Ross]] and [[Earl of Orkney|Orkney]], and the lordships of [[Galloway]], Ardmannoch and [[Lord of the Isles|the Isles]].<ref>Hay, Denys, ed., ''The Letters of James V'' (HMSO, 1954), pp. 340–341.</ref>

The [[Proxy marriage|proxy]] wedding of James V and Mary of Guise was held on 9 May 1538 at the [[Château de Châteaudun]]. Some 2,000 Scottish lords and barons came from Scotland aboard a fleet of ships under [[Robert Maxwell, 5th Lord Maxwell|Lord Maxwell]] to attend, with Lord Maxwell standing as proxy for James V. Mary departed from [[Le Havre]] on 10 June 1538, and landed in Scotland 6 days later at [[Crail]] in [[Fife]]. She was formally received by the king at [[St Andrews]] a few days later amid pageants and plays performed in her honour, and James and Mary were married in person at [[St Andrews Cathedral]] on 18 June 1538. James's mother [[Margaret Tudor]] wrote to Henry VIII in July, "I trust she will prove a wise Princess. I have been much in her company, and she bears herself very honourably to me, with very good entertaining."<ref>''State Papers Henry VIII'', vol. 5 part 4 (London, 1836), 135, Margaret to Henry, 31 July 1538.</ref> James and Mary had two sons: [[James, Duke of Rothesay (born 1540)|James, Duke of Rothesay]] (born 22 May 1540 at St Andrews), and Robert (or Arthur), Duke of Albany (born and baptised on 12 April 1541); however, both died on 21 April 1541, when James was nearly one year old and Robert (or Arthur) was nine days old. Mary's mother, [[Antoinette de Bourbon]], wrote that the couple were still young and should hope for more children.<ref>Wood, Marguerite, ''Balcarres Papers'', vol. 1 (STS, 1923), 60–61.</ref> The third and last child of the union was a daughter, [[Mary, Queen of Scots|Mary]], who was born on 8 December 1542.<ref>[[Fraser, Antonia]], ''Mary Queen of Scots'', pp. 3 & 12.</ref>