Editing James Madison (section)

===Adams presidency===
{{Main|Presidency of John Adams}}

Washington chose to retire after serving two terms and, in advance of the [[1796 United States presidential election|1796 presidential election]], Madison helped convince Jefferson to run for the presidency.{{sfn|Burstein|Isenberg|2010|pages=305–306}} Despite Madison's efforts, Federalist candidate John Adams defeated Jefferson, taking a narrow majority of the electoral vote.{{sfn|Burstein|Isenberg|2010|pages=317–318}} Under the rules of the Electoral College then in place, Jefferson became vice president because he finished with the second-most electoral votes.{{sfn|Feldman|2017|pages=408–400}} Madison, meanwhile, had declined to seek re-election to the House, and he returned to Montpelier.{{sfn|Burstein|Isenberg|2010|pages=321–322}} On Jefferson's advice, Adams considered appointing Madison to an American delegation charged with ending French attacks on American shipping, but Adams's cabinet members strongly opposed the idea.{{sfn|Feldman|2017|pages=411–414}}

Though he was out of office, Madison remained a prominent Democratic–Republican leader in opposition to the Adams administration.{{sfn|Wills|2002|pages=48–49}}{{sfn|Chernow|2004|pp=571–574}} Madison and Jefferson believed that the Federalists were using the [[Quasi-War]] with France to justify the violation of constitutional rights by passing the [[Alien and Sedition Acts]], and they increasingly came to view Adams as a monarchist.{{sfn|Feldman|2017|pages=415–417}} Both Madison and Jefferson expressed the belief that natural rights were non-negotiable even in war. Madison believed that the Alien and Sedition Acts formed a dangerous precedent, by giving the government the power to look past the natural rights of its people in the name of national security.<ref>[[s:Virginia Resolutions of 1798]]</ref>{{sfn|Time Magazine, July 5, 2004}} In response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, Jefferson argued that the states had the power to [[Nullification (U.S. Constitution)|nullify]] federal law on the basis of the Constitution being a compact among the states. Madison rejected this view of nullification and urged that states respond to unjust federal laws through [[interposition]], a process by which a state legislature declared a law to be unconstitutional but did not take steps to actively prevent its enforcement. Jefferson's doctrine of nullification was widely rejected, and the incident damaged the Democratic–Republican Party as attention was shifted from the Alien and Sedition Acts to the unpopular nullification doctrine.{{sfn|Feldman|2017|pages=417–421}}

In 1799, Madison was elected to the Virginia legislature. At the same time, Madison planned for Jefferson's campaign in the [[1800 United States presidential election|1800 presidential election]].{{sfn|Feldman|2017|pages=424–425}} Madison issued the [[Report of 1800]], which attacked the Alien and Sedition Acts as unconstitutional. That report held that Congress was limited to legislating on its [[Enumerated powers (United States)|enumerated powers]] and that punishment for sedition violated freedom of speech and freedom of the press. Jefferson embraced the report, and it became the unofficial Democratic–Republican platform for the 1800 election.{{sfn|Feldman|2017|pages=428–430}} With the Federalists divided between supporters of Hamilton and Adams, and with news of the end of the Quasi-War not reaching the United States until after the election, Jefferson and his running mate, Aaron Burr, defeated Adams.{{sfn|Feldman|2017|pages=433–436}}{{sfn|Feldman|2017|pages=438–439}}