Editing Informed consent (section)

===Requirements of the professional===
Until 2015 in the [[United Kingdom]] and in countries such as [[Malaysia]] and [[Singapore]], informed consent in medical procedures requires proof as to the standard of care to expect as a recognised standard of acceptable professional practice (the [[Bolam Test]]), that is, what risks would a medical professional usually disclose in the circumstances. Arguably, this is "sufficient consent" rather than "informed consent." The UK has since departed from the Bolam test for judging standards of informed consent, due to the landmark ruling in ''[[Montgomery v Lanarkshire Health Board]]''. This moves away from the concept of a reasonable physician and instead uses the standard of a [[Reasonable person|reasonable patient]], and what risks an individual would attach significance to.<ref>{{cite web |title=Montgomery Ruling |url=https://www.informedconsentmatters.co.uk/montgomery-ruling |website=Informed Consent Matters |access-date=7 December 2023 |ref=montgomery |language=en}}</ref>

Medicine in the United States, Australia, and Canada takes this patient-centric approach to "informed consent." Informed consent in these jurisdictions requires healthcare providers to disclose significant risks, as well as risks of particular importance to that patient. This approach combines an objective (a hypothetical reasonable patient) and subjective (this particular patient) approach.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.allclinicaltrials.com/blog/questions-to-ask-before-participating-in-clinical-trials |title=Questions to Ask Before Participating in Clinical Trials |website=AllClinicalTrials.com |publisher=Curify, Inc. |access-date=2025-01-27}}</ref>

Optimal establishment of an informed consent requires adaptation to cultural or other individual factors of the patient. As of 2011, for example, people from Mediterranean and Arab  backgrounds appeared to rely more on the context of the delivery of the information, with the information being carried more by who is saying it and where, when, and how it is being said, rather than ''what'' is said, which is of relatively more importance in typical "Western" countries.<ref>[http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/746187?src=mp&spon=25 Too Much Information: Informed Consent in Cultural Context]. By Joseph J. Fins and Pablo Rodriguez del Pozo. Medscape 07/18/2011</ref>{{better source needed|date=January 2023}}

The informed consent doctrine is generally implemented through good healthcare practice: pre-operation discussions with patients and the use of medical consent forms in hospitals. However, reliance on a signed form should not undermine the basis of the doctrine in giving the patient an opportunity to weigh and respond to the risk. In one British case, a doctor performing routine surgery on a woman noticed that she had cancerous tissue in her womb. He took the initiative to remove the woman's womb; however, as she had not given informed consent for this operation, the doctor was judged by the [[General Medical Council]] to have acted negligently. The council stated that the woman should have been informed of her condition, and allowed to make her own decision.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}