Editing Indian Territory (section)

===Tribes indigenous to Oklahoma===
{{main|History of Oklahoma|Southern Plains Villagers|Caddoan Mississippian culture|Wichita people}}
[[File:Two Wichita girls in summer dress, 1870 - NARA - 520081.tif|thumb|upright=1|Two female [[Wichita people]] in summer dress in 1870]]
[[File:Spiro Aerial HRoe 2016.jpg|thumb|upright=1|An artist's 2016 depiction of [[Spiro Mounds]], a [[Caddoan Mississippian culture|Caddoan Mississippian]] site, as seen from the west]]
[[File:William S. Soule - Caddo village.jpg|thumb|upright=1|A [[Caddo]] village near [[Anadarko, Oklahoma]] in the 1870s]]
Indian Territory marks the confluence of the [[Southern Plains]] and [[Southeastern Woodlands]] [[cultural region]]s. Its western region is part of the [[Great Plains]], subjected to extended periods of [[drought]] and high winds, and the [[Ozark Plateau]] is to the east in a [[humid subtropical climate]] zone. Tribes indigenous to the present day state of Oklahoma include both [[Agriculture|agrarian]] and [[hunter-gatherer]] tribes. The arrival of horses with the Spanish in the 16th century ushered in [[horse culture]]-era, when tribes could adopt a [[nomadic]] lifestyle and follow abundant [[American bison|bison]] herds.

The [[Southern Plains villagers]], an archaeological culture that flourished from 800 to 1500 AD, lived in semi-sedentary villages throughout the western part of Indian Territory, where they farmed [[maize]] and hunted buffalo. They are likely ancestors of the [[Wichita and Affiliated Tribes]]. The ancestors of the Wichita have lived in the eastern Great Plains from the Red River north to Nebraska for at least 2,000 years.<ref>Schlesier, Karl H. ''Plains Indians, 500–1500 AD: The Archaeological Past of Historic Groups''. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994: 347–348.</ref> The early Wichita people were hunters and gatherers who gradually adopted agriculture. By about 900 AD, farming villages began to appear on terraces above the [[Washita River]] and [[Canadian River|South Canadian River]] in Oklahoma.

Member tribes of the [[Caddo Confederacy]] lived in the eastern part of Indian Territory and are ancestors of the [[Caddo]] Nation. The Caddo people speak a [[Caddoan languages|Caddoan language]] and is a confederation of several tribes who traditionally inhabited much of what is now [[East Texas]], [[North Louisiana]], and portions of southern [[Arkansas]], and [[Oklahoma]]. The tribe was once part of the [[Caddoan Mississippian culture]] and thought to be an extension of woodland period peoples who started inhabiting the area around 200 BC. In an 1835 Treaty <ref>{{cite web|url= http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/cad0432.htm|title= Treaty with the Caddo, July 1, 1835 (7 Stat., 470)|access-date= 2012-03-01|archive-date= 2012-02-17|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120217112801/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/cad0432.htm|url-status= dead}}</ref> made at the agency-house in the [[Caddo]] Nation and state of [[Louisiana]], the Caddo Nation sold their tribal lands to the U.S. In 1846, the Caddo, along with several other tribes, signed a treaty that made the Caddo a protectorate of the U.S. and established framework of a legal system between the Caddo and the U.S.<ref name="Comanche 1846"/> Tribal headquarters are in [[Binger, Oklahoma]].

The Wichita and Caddo both spoke [[Caddoan languages]], as did the [[Kichai people]], who were also indigenous to what is now Oklahoma and ultimately became part of the [[Wichita and Affiliated Tribes]]. The Wichita (and other tribes) signed a treaty of friendship with the U.S. in 1835.<ref name="Comanche 1835"/> The tribe's headquarters are in [[Anadarko, Oklahoma]].

In the 18th century, prior to [[Indian Removal]] by the U.S. federal government, the [[Kiowa]], [[Apache]], and [[Comanche]] people entered into Indian Territory from the west, and the [[Quapaw]] and [[Osage Nation|Osage]] entered from the east. During Indian Removal of the 19th century, additional tribes received their land either by treaty via land grant from the [[federal government of the United States]] or they purchased the land receiving [[fee simple]] [[Recording (real estate)|recorded title]].