Editing Ignaz Semmelweis (section)

===Political turmoil and dismissal from the Vienna hospital===
In 1848, [[Revolutions of 1848|a series of tumultuous revolutions]] swept across Europe. The resulting political turmoil would affect Semmelweis's career. In Vienna on 13 March 1848, students demonstrated in favor of increased [[civil rights]], including trial by jury and [[freedom of expression]]. The demonstrations were led by medical students and young faculty members and were joined by workers from the suburbs. Two days later in Hungary, demonstrations and uprisings led to the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848]] and a full-scale war against the ruling [[House of Habsburg|Habsburgs]] of the [[Austrian Empire]]. In Vienna, the March demonstration was followed by months of general unrest.{{sfn|Carter|Carter|2005|p=57}}

No evidence indicates Semmelweis was personally involved in the events of 1848. Some of his brothers were punished for active participation in the Hungarian independence movement, and the Hungarian-born Semmelweis likely was sympathetic to the cause. Semmelweis's superior, professor [[Johann Klein]], was a conservative Austrian, likely uneasy with the independence movements and alarmed by the other [[revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas]]. Klein probably mistrusted Semmelweis.{{sfn|Carter|Carter|2005|p=59}}

When Semmelweis's term was about to expire, [[Carl Braun (obstetrician)|Carl Braun]] also applied for the position of "assistant" in the First Clinic, possibly at Klein's own invitation. Semmelweis and Braun were the only two applicants for the post. Semmelweis's predecessor, [[Franz Breit (obstetrician)|Franz Breit]], had been granted a two-year extension.{{sfn|Semmelweis|1983|pp=61, 105}} Semmelweis's application for an extension was supported by [[Joseph Škoda]] and [[Carl Freiherr von Rokitansky|Carl von Rokitansky]] and by most of the medical faculty, but Klein chose Braun for the position. Semmelweis was obliged to leave the obstetrical clinic when his term expired on 20 March 1849.{{sfn|Carter|Carter|2005|p=61}}

The day his term expired, Semmelweis petitioned the Viennese authorities to be made [[Privatdozent|docent]] of obstetrics. A docent was a private lecturer who taught students and who had access to some university facilities. At first, because of Klein's opposition, Semmelweis's petition was denied. He reapplied, but had to wait until 10 October 1850 (more than 18 months), before finally being appointed docent of 'theoretical' obstetrics.{{sfn|Semmelweis|1983|p=105}} The terms refused him access to cadavers and limited him to teaching students by using leather-fabricated [[mannequin]]s only. A few days after being notified of his appointment, Semmelweis left Vienna abruptly and returned to [[Pest, Hungary|Pest]]. He apparently left without so much as saying goodbye to his former friends and colleagues, a move that might have offended them.{{sfn|Semmelweis|1983|p=52}} According to his own account, he left Vienna because he was "unable to endure further frustrations in dealing with the Viennese medical establishment".{{sfn|Carter|Carter|2005|p=67}}