Editing Hydrostatic shock (section)

==Energy transfer required for remote neural effects==
The work of Courtney et al. supports the role of a ballistic pressure wave in incapacitation and injury.<ref name="fn_(16)"/><ref name="fn_(110)">{{cite journal | last1 = Courtney | first1 = A | last2 = Courtney | first2 = M | s2cid = 37322276 | year = 2007 | title = Links between traumatic brain injury and ballistic pressure waves originating in the thoracic cavity and extremities | url = http://www.ballisticstestinggroup.org/tbipwave.pdf | journal = Brain Injury | volume = 21 | issue = 7 | pages = 657–662 | url-status = usurped | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080216044223/http://www.ballisticstestinggroup.org/tbipwave.pdf | archive-date = 2008-02-16 | doi=10.1080/02699050701481571| pmid = 17653939 | arxiv = 0808.1443 }}</ref><ref name="fn_(15)">{{Cite arXiv |eprint = physics/0701268|last1 = Courtney|first1 = Michael|last2 = Courtney|first2 = Amy|title = Review of criticisms of ballistic pressure wave experiments, the Strasbourg goat tests, and the Marshall and Sanow data|year = 2007}}</ref><ref name="fn_(17)">{{Cite arXiv |eprint = physics/0701266|last1 = Courtney|first1 = Michael|last2 = Courtney|first2 = Amy|title = Relative incapacitation contributions of pressure wave and wound channel in the Marshall and Sanow data set|year = 2007}}</ref><ref name="fn_(18)">{{Cite arXiv |eprint = physics/0702107|last1 = Courtney|first1 = Michael|last2 = Courtney|first2 = Amy|title = A method for testing handgun bullets in deer|year = 2007}}</ref> The work of Suneson et al. and Courtney et al. suggest that remote neural effects can occur with levels of energy transfer possible with handguns, about {{convert|500|ft.lbf|J|abbr=on}}. Using sensitive biochemical techniques, the work of Wang et al. suggests even lower impact energy thresholds for remote neural injury to the brain. In analysis of experiments of dogs shot in the thigh they report highly significant (p < 0.01), easily detectable neural effects in the [[hypothalamus]] and [[hippocampus]] with energy transfer levels close to {{convert|550|ft.lbf|J|abbr=on}}. Wang et al. reports less significant (p < 0.05) remote effects in the hypothalamus with energy transfer just under {{convert|100|ft.lbf|J|abbr=on}}.<ref name="fn_(21)"/>

Even though Wang et al. document remote neural damage for low levels of energy transfer, roughly {{convert|100|ft.lbf|J|abbr=on}}, these levels of neural damage are probably too small to contribute to rapid incapacitation. Courtney and Courtney believe that remote neural effects only begin to make significant contributions to rapid incapacitation for ballistic pressure wave levels above {{convert|500|psi|abbr=on}}  (corresponds to transferring roughly {{convert|300|ft.lbf|J|abbr=on}} in {{convert|12|in|cm}} of penetration) and become easily observable above {{convert|1000|psi|abbr=on}} (corresponds to transferring roughly {{convert|600|ft.lbf|J|abbr=on}} in {{convert|12|in|m}} of penetration).<ref name="fn_(110)"/> Incapacitating effects in this range of energy transfer are consistent with observations of remote spinal injuries,<ref name="fn_(141)"/> observations of suppressed EEGs and apnea in pigs<ref name="fn_(131)"/><ref name="fn_(132)">{{cite journal | last1 = Suneson | first1 = A | last2 = Hansson | first2 = HA | last3 = Seeman | first3 = T | year = 1987 | title = Peripheral High-Energy Missile Hits Cause Pressure Changes and Damage to the Nervous System: Experimental Studies on Pigs | journal = The Journal of Trauma | volume = 27 | issue = 7| pages = 782–789 | doi=10.1097/00005373-198707000-00016| pmid = 3612853 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Suneson | first1 = A | last2 = Hansson | first2 = HA | last3 = Seeman | first3 = T | year = 1988 | title = Central and Peripheral Nervous Damage Following High-Energy Missile Wounds in the Thigh | journal = The Journal of Trauma | volume = 28 | issue = 1| pages = S197–S203 | doi = 10.1097/00005373-198801001-00041 | pmid = 3339686 }}</ref> and with observations of incapacitating effects of ballistic pressure waves without a wound channel.<ref name="fn_(111)">Courtney M, Courtney A, Experimental Observations of Incapacitation via Ballistic Pressure Wave without a Wound Channel, 2007. http://www.ballisticstestinggroup.org/lotor.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414134847/http://www.ballisticstestinggroup.org/lotor.pdf |date=2008-04-14 }}</ref>