Editing Hummingbird (section)

===Phylogeny===
A phylogenetic tree unequivocally indicates that modern hummingbirds originated in South America, with the last common ancestor of all living hummingbirds living around 22 million years ago.<ref name="mcguire2014"/>

A map of the hummingbird family tree – reconstructed from analysis of 284 [[species]] – shows rapid diversification from 22 million years ago.<ref name="sd">{{Cite web |date=3 April 2014 |title=Hummingbirds' 22-million-year-old history of remarkable change is far from complete |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/04/140403132207.htm |access-date=30 September 2014 |website=ScienceDaily}}</ref> Hummingbirds fall into nine main clades – the [[Florisuginae|topazes]], [[Phaethornithinae|hermits]], [[Polytminae|mangoes]], [[Heliantheini|brilliants]], [[Lesbiini|coquettes]], the giant hummingbird, [[Lampornithini|mountaingems]], [[Mellisugini|bees]], and [[Trochilini|emeralds]] – defining their relationship to [[nectar]]-bearing [[flowering plant]]s which attract hummingbirds into new geographic areas.<ref name="mcguire2014"/><ref name="mcguire2007"/><ref name="mcg08">{{Cite journal |last1=McGuire |first1=Jimmy A. |last2=Witt |first2=Christopher C. |last3=Remsen |first3=J.V. Jr. |last4=Dudley |first4=R. |last5=Altshuler |first5=Douglas L. |date=2008 |title=A higher-level taxonomy for hummingbirds |journal=Journal of Ornithology |volume=150 |issue=1 |pages=155–165 |doi=10.1007/s10336-008-0330-x |issn=0021-8375 |s2cid=1918245}}</ref>

[[Molecular phylogenetics|Molecular phylogenetic]] studies of the hummingbirds have shown that the family is composed of nine major clades.<ref name="mcguire2007">{{Cite journal |last1=McGuire |first1=J.A. |last2=Witt |first2=C.C. |last3=Altshuler |first3=D.L. |last4=Remsen |first4=J.V. |date=2007 |title=Phylogenetic systematics and biogeography of hummingbirds: Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses of partitioned data and selection of an appropriate partitioning strategy |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=56 |issue=5 |pages=837–856 |doi=10.1080/10635150701656360 |pmid=17934998 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="mcguire2014">{{Cite journal |last1=McGuire |first1=J. |last2=Witt |first2=C. |last3=Remsen |first3=J.V. |last4=Corl |first4=A. |last5=Rabosky |first5=D. |last6=Altshuler |first6=D. |last7=Dudley |first7=R. |date=2014 |title=Molecular phylogenetics and the diversification of hummingbirds |journal=Current Biology |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=910–916 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.016 |pmid=24704078 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2014CBio...24..910M }}</ref> When [[Edward C. Dickinson|Edward Dickinson]] and [[James Van Remsen Jr.]] updated the ''[[Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World]]'' for the 4th edition in 2013, they divided the hummingbirds into six subfamilies.<ref name="h&m4">{{Cite book |title=The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World |publisher=Aves Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-9568611-0-8 |editor-last=Dickinson |editor-first=E.C. |editor-link=Edward C. Dickinson |edition=4th |volume=1: Non-passerines |location=Eastbourne, UK |pages=105–136 |editor-last2=Remsen |editor-first2=J.V. Jr. |editor-link2=James Van Remsen Jr.}}</ref>

Molecular phylogenetic studies determined the relationships between the major groups of hummingbirds.<ref name=mcguire2014/><ref name=mcg08/> In the [[cladogram]] below, the English names are those introduced in 1997.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bleiweiss |first1=R. |last2=Kirsch |first2=J.A. |last3=Matheus |first3=J.C. |date=1997 |title=DNA hybridization evidence for the principal lineages of hummingbirds (Aves:Trochilidae). |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=325–343 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025767 |pmid=9066799 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The [[scientific names]] are those introduced in 2013.{{Sfn|Dickinson|Remsen|2013|pp=105–136}}

{{Clade |style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%
|label1='''Trochilidae'''
|1={{Clade
   |1={{Clade
      |1=[[Florisuginae]] – topazes
      |2=[[Phaethornithinae]] – hermits
      }}
   |2={{Clade
      |1=[[Polytminae]] – mangoes
      |2={{Clade
         |label1=[[Lesbiinae]]
         |1={{Clade
            |1=[[Heliantheini]] – brilliants
            |2=[[Lesbiini]] – coquettes
            }}
         |2={{Clade
            |1=[[Patagoninae]] – giants
            |label2=[[Trochilinae]]
            |2={{Clade
               |1={{Clade
                  |1=[[Lampornithini]] – mountain gems
                  |2=[[Mellisugini]] – bees
                  }}
               |2=[[Trochilini]] – emeralds
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

While all hummingbirds depend on flower nectar to fuel their high metabolisms and hovering flight, coordinated changes in flower and bill shape stimulated the formation of new species of hummingbirds and plants. Due to this exceptional [[evolution]]ary pattern, as many as 140 hummingbird species can coexist in a specific region, such as the Andes [[Mountain range|range]].<ref name="sd"/>

The hummingbird [[Phylogenetic tree|evolutionary tree]] shows that one key evolutionary factor appears to have been an altered [[taste receptor]] that enabled hummingbirds to seek nectar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Baldwin |first1=M.W. |last2=Toda |first2=Y. |last3=Nakagita |first3=T. |last4=O'Connell |first4=M.J. |last5=Klasing |first5=K.C. |last6=Misaka |first6=T. |last7=Edwards |first7=S.V. |last8=Liberles |first8=S. D. |year=2014 |title=Evolution of sweet taste perception in hummingbirds by transformation of the ancestral umami receptor |journal=Science |volume=345 |issue=6199 |pages=929–933 |bibcode=2014Sci...345..929B |doi=10.1126/science.1255097 |pmc=4302410 |pmid=25146290}}</ref>

Upon maturity, males of a particular species, ''Phaethornis longirostris,'' the [[long-billed hermit]], appear to be evolving a [[dagger]]-like weapon on the beak tip as a secondary [[sexual dimorphism|sexual trait]] to defend [[lek mating|mating areas]].<ref name="Rico-Guevara2015">{{Cite journal |author1=Rico-Guevara, A. |author2=Araya-Salas, M. |year=2015 |title=Bills as daggers? A test for sexually dimorphic weapons in a lekking hummingbird |journal=Behavioral Ecology |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=21–29 |doi=10.1093/beheco/aru182|doi-access=free }}</ref>